This paper presents the technological advancements in neural prosthesis devices using Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES). FES refers to the restoration of motor functions lost due to spinal cord injury (SCI), stroke, head injury, or diseases such as Cerebral Palsy or Multiple Sclerosis by eliciting muscular contractions through the use of a neuromuscular electrical stimulator device. The f...

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), specifically functional electrical stimulation (FES) that compensates for voluntary motion, and therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES) aimed at muscle strengthening and recovery from paralysis are widely used in stroke rehabilitation. The electrical stimulation of muscle contraction should be synchronized with intended motion to restore paralysis. ...

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has recently emerged as a clinical tool for treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Chronic muscle stimulation, however, has long been used by basic scientists studying the details of the muscular adaptation process. Biochemical, morphological, and functional changes occur in skeletal muscle secondary to chronic stimulation. Chronic stimulation (12-24 hours...

PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of functional electrical stimulation (FES) therapy of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle on gait restoration and enhancing motor recovery with stroke patients. METHOD Thirty hemiparetic participants with spastic foot-drop impairments who were at least 3 months post-stroke were recruited from a rehabilitation institute and were assigned either to a cont...

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) refers to electrical stimulation of muscles in order to improve the impaired motor function. This is achieved by activating skeletal muscles with constant frequency trains of stimulations. This method has been found useful in various neurological disorders like hemiplegia, foot drop and paraplegia including spinal cord injuries. The first half of this rev...

Technological advances have helped to improve functional ability in spinal cord injury survivors. The aim of this study is to systematically review the evidence for functional electrical stimulation (FES) on functional tasks involving the upper limb in people with spinal cord injuries. The authors systematically searched from September 2009 to September 2014 in relevant databases using a combin...

For individuals with neurological impairments, functional electrical stimulation (FES) can help make real what was once only imagined: the restoration of movement to paralyzed arms and legs. Depending on the location and severity of the disability, FES can significantly improve quality of life by enabling the individual to regain capabilities such as walking, grasping objects, or maintaining bl...

INTRODUCTION The cardiorespiratory and muscular strength benefits of functional electrical stimulation (FES) pedaling for spinal cord injury (SCI) subjects are limited because the endurance of electrically stimulated muscle is low. METHODS We tested new electrical stimulation timing patterns (Stim3, designed using a forward dynamic simulation to minimize the muscle stress-time integral) to de...

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has clinical evidence in the rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury. Nevertheless, looking into daily clinical practice, the use of FES is poor. Expenditure of time, complexity of technical equipment and compliance and acceptance of therapists and patients should be discussed as limiting factors.