In developing countries including India, mixed traffic condition prevails on roads and highways. There is a wide variation in the static and the dynamic characteristics of different types of traffic. The only way of accounting for this non-uniformity for any traffic analysis in traffic stream is to convert all vehicles into a common unit and the most accepted unit for this purpose is passenger ...

The concept of a fuzzifying topology was given in [1] under the name L-fuzzy topology. Ying studied in [9, 10, 11] the fuzzifying topologies in the case of L = [0,1]. A classical topology is a special case of a fuzzifying topology. In a fuzzifying topology τ on a set X , every subset A of X has a degree τ(A) of belonging to τ, 0 ≤ τ(A) ≤ 1. In [4], we defined the degrees of compactness, of loca...

The original definition of a topological space given by Hausdorff used neighborhood systems. Lattice-valued maps appear in this context when you identify a topology with a monoid in the Kleisli category of the filter monad on SET. H?hle’s notion of a lattice-valued topology [2] uses the same idea and it’s inspired in the classical lattice-valued topologies. Ltopological spaces are motivated by ...

Pipeline infrastructure is decaying at an accelerating rate due to reduced funding and insufficient quality control resulting in poor installation, little or no inspection and maintenance, and a general lack of uniformity and improvement in design, construction and operation practices. The current practice that is being followed to inspect the conditions of pipes is usually time consuming, tedi...

Intensity inhomogeneity or intensity non-uniformity (INU) is an undesired phenomenon that represents the main obstacle for MR image segmentation and registration methods. Various techniques have been proposed to eliminate or compensate the INU, most of which are embedded into clustering algorithms. This paper proposes a pre-filtering technique for Gaussian and impulse noise elimination, and a s...

In this paper, we propose a weighted principal component analysis (WPCA) using the result of fuzzy clustering [4]. The principal component analysis (PCA) [1], [7] is one widely used and well-known data analysis method. However there is a problem, when the data does not have a structure that the PCA can capture we cannot obtain any satisfactory results. For the most part, this is due to the unif...

BL-algebras have been invented by P. Hájek [3] in order to provide an algebraic proof of the completeness theorem of “Basic Logic” (BL, for short) arising from the continuous triangular norms, familiar in the fuzzy logic framework. The above notion is generalized to an algebraic system in which the required conditions are fulfilled (Definition 2.1). Filters in BL-algebras are also defined. A fi...

This study investigates the optical design of planar curved LED end-lit light bars using v cuts as light-diverting structures. The application of LEDs in automotive lighting has become popular, especially in signal lamps and daytime running lamps. Most designs adopt a direct back light using arrays of LEDs with diffusive coupling optics, which often causes problems such as low uniformity, glari...