We induced photochemical damage in small parts of the retinas of anesthetized macaques after light exposures of varying intensity, lasting between 10 min and 12 hr. Damage was assessed both with funduscopy and densitometry at several periods after exposure. Damage was most extensive 2 days post-exposure, with similar thresholds for both methods. Reciprocity between exposure time and irradiance ...

this paper consider the   general  forms of $(alpha,beta)$-fuzzyleft ideals (right ideals, bi-ideals, interior ideals) of an orderedsemigroup, where$alpha,betain{in_{gamma},q_{delta},in_{gamma}wedgeq_{delta}, in_{gamma}vee q_{delta}}$ and $alphaneqin_{gamma}wedge q_{delta}$. special attention is paid to$(in_{gamma},ivq)$-left ideals (right ideals, bi-ideals, interiorideals) and some related  pr...

let $r$ be a commutative ring with identity and $m$ an $r$-module. in this paper, we associate a graph to $m$, say ${gamma}({}_{r}m)$, such that when $m=r$, ${gamma}({}_{r}m)$ coincide with the zero-divisor graph of $r$. many well-known results by d.f. anderson and p.s. livingston have been generalized for ${gamma}({}_{r}m)$. we show that ${gamma}({}_{r}m)$ is connected with ${diam}({gamma}({}_...

a graph $gamma$ is said to be vertex-transitive or edge‎- ‎transitive‎ ‎if the automorphism group of $gamma$ acts transitively on $v(gamma)$ or $e(gamma)$‎, ‎respectively‎. ‎let $gamma=cay(g,s)$ be a cayley graph on $g$ relative to $s$‎. ‎then, $gamma$ is said to be normal edge-transitive‎, ‎if $n_{aut(gamma)}(g)$ acts transitively on edges‎. ‎in this paper‎, ‎the eigenvalues of normal edge-tra...

let $gamma$ be a normal subgroup of the full automorphism group $aut(g)$ of a group $g$‎, ‎and assume that $inn(g)leq gamma$‎. ‎an endomorphism $sigma$ of $g$ is said to be {it $gamma$-central} if $sigma$ induces the the identity on the factor group $g/c_g(gamma)$‎. ‎clearly‎, ‎if $gamma=inn(g)$‎, ‎then a $gamma$-central endomorphism is a {it central} endomorphism‎. ‎in this article the conditi...

A graph $Gamma$ is said to be vertex-transitive or edge‎- ‎transitive‎ ‎if the automorphism group of $Gamma$ acts transitively on $V(Gamma)$ or $E(Gamma)$‎, ‎respectively‎. ‎Let $Gamma=Cay(G,S)$ be a Cayley graph on $G$ relative to $S$‎. ‎Then, $Gamma$ is said to be normal edge-transitive‎, ‎if $N_{Aut(Gamma)}(G)$ acts transitively on edges‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎the eigenvalues of normal edge-tra...

let $r$ be an associative ring with identity and $z^*(r)$ be its set of non-zero zero divisors.  the zero-divisor graph of $r$, denoted by $gamma(r)$, is the graph whose vertices are the non-zero  zero-divisors of  $r$, and two distinct vertices $r$ and $s$ are adjacent if and only if $rs=0$ or $sr=0$.  in this paper, we bring some results about undirected zero-divisor graph of a monoid ring ov...

‎motivated by a celebrated theorem of schur‎, ‎we show that if~$gamma$ is a normal subgroup of the full automorphism group $aut(g)$ of a group $g$ such that $inn(g)$ is contained in $gamma$ and $aut(g)/gamma$ has no uncountable abelian subgroups of prime exponent‎, ‎then $[g,gamma]$ is finite‎, ‎provided that the subgroup consisting of all elements of $g$ fixed by $gamma$ has finite index‎. ‎so...