the use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents has become more prevalent during the past decades. these drugs may potentially cause gastrointestinal (gi) bleeding. thus, there is an increasing need for gi endoscopy in patients who take these medications. in patients who take anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, the appropriate conditions under which endoscopic procedures should be performed...

background: ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) increases the cost of intensive care unit (icu) treatment and the chance of mortality. due to the increasing use of proton pump inhibitors (ppi) and h2 receptor inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis, the purpose of the study was to investigate the differences of vap in two groups of patients receiving ppi or h2 blocker. methods: in the retrosp...

Major complications of cirrhosis include ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, portal hypertension, variceal bleeding, and hepatorenal syndrome. Diagnostic studies on ascitic fluid should include a differential leukocyte count, total protein level, a serum-ascites albumin gradient, and fluid cultures. Therapy consists of sodium restriction, diuretics, and complete ...

gastrointestinal melanoma (gim) is occasionally observed in general practice. we report a case of melanoma dispersed diffusely in the stomach and duodenum with no skin involvement.

BACKGROUND - Bleeding of esophageal varices is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adults with portal hypertension and there are few studies involving secondary prophylaxis in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic secondary prophylaxis in prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children and adolescents with esophageal varic...

Direct-acting oral anticoagulants include dabigatran, which is a thrombin inhibitor, and rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, are anti-Xa agents. These administered in the secondary prophylaxis treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) pulmonary embolism (PE), VTE that may develop after major elective orthopedic surgery, reducing stroke systemic occur non-valvular atrial fibrillation, whereas its u...

Adding proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to endoscopic therapy has become the mainstay of treatment for peptic ulcer bleeding, with current consensus guidelines recommending high-dose intravenous (IV) PPI therapy (IV bolus followed by continuous therapy). However, whether or not high-dose PPI therapy is more effective than low-dose PPI therapy is still debated. Furthermore, maintaining pH ≥ 4 appea...

background lower gastrointestinal bleeding (lgib) in infants and children is a common problem in medical centers; however, its epidemiologic properties have not been studied well. objectives due to the fact that lgib has various causes in different geographical places, considering the importance of etiology in decision making for diagnostic techniques and treatment and since the lack of compreh...

lipomas are rare gastric tumors that comprise less than 1% of gastric tumors. these tumors are usually without clinical manifestations, but sometimes they may present with severe symptoms like bleeding,intussusception, or abdominal pain. in endoscopic assessment, they manifest with subm ucosal masses with intact epithelium. endosonography and ct scan can help in diagnosis. surgical resection of...