background in the diagnosis of malignant lymph nodes (lns) and staging of lung cancer, sampling of mediastinal and hilar lns is essential. mediastinoscopy is known as the gold standard. convex probe (cp) endobronchial ultrasound (ebus)-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (tbna) is a noninvasive and highly sensitive diagnostic method in mediastinal and hilar ln sampling. objectives evaluatin...

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. The most important prognostic factor in this cancer is the stage of the tumor. Detection of lymph nodes with or without malignancy is essential for determining the stage of the tumor and setting a therapeutic plan. There are different methods for isolating lymph nodes in surgical specimens of breast cancer in the pathology ...

Immune system plays crucial role in body and lymph nodes are essential parts of this system for combating pathogens. However, no study has ever been conducted on morphometric development of sheep lymph nodes in fetal period. Thus, this study attempted to examine the morphometric characteristics of a number of important lymph nodes of some lymphocenters of sheep during fetal period. To this end,...

the notion of strong arcs in a fuzzy graph was introduced bybhutani and rosenfeld in [1] and fuzzy end nodes in the subsequent paper[2] using the concept of strong arcs. in mordeson and yao [7], the notion of“degrees” for concepts fuzzified from graph theory were defined and studied.in this note, we discuss degrees for fuzzy end nodes and study further someproperties of fuzzy end nodes and fuzz...

due to limitations in computing resources of mobile nodes, mobile ad-hoc networks (manets) are very fault-prone. so far, redundancy at different levels of the network has been considered an efficient strategy to enhance the fault-tolerance of networks. indeed, ad-hoc networks are extremely redundant; therefore, natural redundancy to fault tolerance enhancement has a great impact on the network ...

In recent years, wireless sensor networks have drawn great attention. This type of network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes which are able to sense, process and communicate. Besides, they are used in various fields such as emergency relief in disasters, monitoring the environment, military affairs and etc. Sensor nodes collect environmental data by using their sensors and send them...

The topological ordering algorithm sorts nodes of a directed graph such that the order of the tail of each arc is lower than the order of its head. In this paper, we introduce the notion of covering between nodes of a directed graph. Then, we apply the topological orderingalgorithm on graphs containing the covering nodes. We show that there exists a cut set withforward arcs in these...

in this paper two nodes to model isotropic and anisotropic media in transmission line matrix method (tlm) are presented. by using these two nodes, the permeability and permittivity of an anisotropic media can be modeled simultaneously. another application of these nodes is in modeling media with permittivity and permeability less than one. in the conventional 2 dimensional tlm, the stubs repres...