The continuous improvement of EAF performance is crucial for the increase in productivity and cost effectiveness and to render an environmental friendly process. RHI supports these targets by providing a diverse range of refractory and process solutions. Chemical energy in practical operation by injection of gaseous media like oxygen and natural gas, and solid materials like carbon have become ...

in trading electrical energy in deregulated power systems, violation of operation constraints such as transmission lines flow limits is possible. these conditions have been called “congestion”. one of the most important responsibility of independent system operator (iso) is congestion management in a manner that all the system equipments be operated in their nominal ranges. in this paper, usi...

The use of renewable energy in power generation and sudden changes in load and fault in power transmission lines  may cause a voltage drop in the system and challenge the reliability of the system. One way to compensate the changing nature of renewable energies in the short term without the need to disconnect loads or turn on other plants, is the use of renewable energy storage. The use of ener...

A new type of single-phase stand-alone induction generator using a three-phase induction machine and a single-phase voltage-source PWM inverter is introduced. The generator scheme is capable of producing constant load frequency with a very well regulated output voltage. A small lead acid battery and a single-phase full diode-bridge rectifier are used to feed the inverter. The inverter feeds one...

the growth of the electrical energy consumption form one side and the bounded available fossil fuel and other limitations from the other side, makes the thermal power plants upgrading as a main demand in the world. decreasing the internal energy consumption, increasing the performance and the output power with the minimum costs are the important targets of the power plants retrofitting. nowaday...

introduction electrical performance of solar cells decreases with increasing cell temperature, basically because of growth of the internal charge carrier recombination rates, caused by increased carrier concentrations. hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (pvt) systems produce electrical and thermal energy simultaneously. pvt solar collectors convert the heat generated in the solar cells to low temperat...

wear is a complicated phenomenon caused by the relative movement of two contacting surfaces compressed together by a normal force. prediction of the wear, in most cases, requires various experiments and microstructural characterization of the contacting surfaces. mathematical models based on physical concepts could provide considerable help in understanding the physical behavior and hence the p...