As magmas rise toward the surface, they traverse regions of the mantle and crust with which they are not in equilibrium; to the extent that time and the intimacy of their physical contact permit, the melts and country rocks will interact chemically. We have modeled aspects of these chemical interactions in terms of ion-exchange processes similar to those operating in simple chromatographic colu...

Geology is a complex, semantically rich domain involving the interpretation of geological maps as external visualizations. Geological maps are complex in particular because 3dimensional features must be inferred from 2-dimensional representations depicted by differing line types and weights. Modeling building, as an internal mental activity, is also required in order to achieve deep understandi...

The standard account of the reasoning process within geology views it as lacking a distinctive methodology of its own. Rather, geology is described as a derivative science, relying on the logical techniques exemplified by physics. I argue that this account is inadequate and skews our understanding of both geology and the scientific process in general. Far from simply taking up and applying the ...

Modem geology was founded by James Hutton at the end of the 18th cenhuy as an observational, descriptive, qualitative, and subjective science. It was the pioneer work of Pearson (1901) and Spearman (1904) in statistics applied to agriculture, biology, medicine, and psychology, that led to the first major inroads of quantitative techniques in geology and the models they used were above all stati...

The Dawn spacecraft collected over 28,000 images and a wealth of spectral data of Vesta’s surface. These data enable analysis of Vesta’s diverse geology including impact craters of all sizes and unusual shapes, a variety of ejecta blankets, large troughs, impact basins, enigmatic dark material, and considerable evidence for mass wasting and surface alteration processes [1,2,3]. Two large impact...

pillow lavas are locally conspicuous. A unit consisting of dark, thinly bedded sandstone and siltstone, lccally ranging to several hundred feet thick, is lowermost in the exposed section. The middle division consists of about 3,500 feet of mixed andesi.:e and basalt volcaniclastic rocks ~ lahar, tuff breccia, volcanic sandstone, and conglomeratic beds which rest on relatively thin, fossiliferou...

One of the basic concepts of set theoretic geology is the mantle of a model of set theory V: it is the intersection of all grounds of V, that is, of all inner models M of V such that V is a set-forcing extension of M . The main theme of the present paper is to identify situations in which the mantle turns out to be a fine structural extender model. The first main result is that this is the case...

when the a particle is initially in the state i. The Sij's are determined from the relative intensity of the lines emitted in transition from that state. Take the particular case where S12 = S02 = 1/2 and (12 = #o2 = (01 1-7 13= 1/200 then P1/P2 = 4.3. This ratio is nearly the same as that of the internal conversion coefficient of y rays from RaC. There the values of this coefficient can be div...