This study aims to investigate orchid seed variation between some representatives of Neottieae, C. rubra, L. abortivum, Neottia nidus-avis, and N. (Listera) ovata, naturally distributed in our country by using geometric morphometric analyses based on 2-dimensional landmarks. For this purpose, a total 95 specimens were evaluated. The results ANOVA, PCA, discriminant showed significant shape size...

Geometric morphometrics (GM) has increasingly become an important tool in assessing and studying shape variation in a wide variety of taxa. While the GM toolkit has unparalleled power to quantify shape, its use in studies of functional morphology have been questioned. Here, we assess the state of the field of GM and provide an overview of the techniques available to assess shape, including aspe...

In vitro rearing is an important and useful tool for honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) studies. However, it often results in intercastes between queens and workers, which are normally are not seen in hive-reared bees, except when larvae older than three days are grafted for queen rearing. Morphological classification (queen versus worker or intercastes) of bees produced by this method can be subjec...

Patterns of variation within the Montastraea "annularis" species complex: results from 2-D and 3-D geometric morphometrics. ii To the Gieszl, LaBella, and Cassara families iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS