OBJECTIVES The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to determine the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract in patients diagnosed with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). METHODS A total of 90 patients (aged 67.1±8.0 years; 59 women) were randomly allocated (1:1:1) to receive G. biloba 120 mg, G. biloba 60 mg, or placebo during a 6-month period. Assessment...

Ginkgo biloba L., a "living fossil" and medicinal plant, is a well-known rich source of bioactive flavonoids. The molecular mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of flavonoid glucosides, the predominant flavonoids in G. biloba, remains unclear. To better understand flavonoid glucosylation in G. biloba, we generated a transcriptomic dataset of G. biloba leaf tissue by high-throughput RNA sequenc...

Ginkgo biloba extract activates pregnane X receptor (PXR), but how this occurs is not known. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of PXR activation by the extract and the role of five individual terpene trilactones in the activation. In a cell-based reporter gene assay, G. biloba extract activated human PXR (hPXR), and at a concentration present in the extract, ginkgolide A, but not ginkgol...

The South American genus Anomiopsoides Blackwelder is revised and now includes five species: A. aurita (Burmeister), A. biloba (Burmeister), A. catamarcae Martínez, A. cavifrons (Burmeister), and A. heteroclyta (Blanchard). The following species names are new synonyms of A. heteroclyta (Blanchard): A. aberrans Martínez, A. pereirai (Martínez), and A. xerophila Martínez. The following variety is...

The South American genus Anomiopsoides Blackwelder is revised and now includes five species: A. aurita (Burmeister), A. biloba (Burmeister), A. catamarcae Martínez, A. cavifrons (Burmeister), and A. heteroclyta (Blanchard). The following species names are new synonyms of A. heteroclyta (Blanchard): A. aberrans Martínez, A. pereirai (Martínez), and A. xerophila Martínez. The following variety is...

Testicular torsion, a surgical emergency, could affect the endocrine and exocrine testicular functions. This study demonstrates histopathological and physiological effects of testicular ischemia/perfusion (I/R) injury and the possible protective effects of Ginkgo biloba treatment. Fifty adult male Wistar rats, 180-200 gm, were randomly divided into sham-operated, Gingko biloba supplemented, isc...

OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba for the prevention of dementia in individuals without dementia. MATERIAL AND METHOD English databases including Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO, were searched, and randomized double-blind controlled studies comparing Ginkgo biloba with placebo in prevention of dementia were considered. Two trials met inclusion criteria. Metho...

The regular extract of Ginkgo biloba has been shown to possess neuroprotective properties in disorders like hypoxia, ischemia, seizure activity and peripheral nerve damage. Also, G. biloba has received attention as a potential cognitive enhancer for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, but there is not any documentation about the effect of an extract of G. biloba on astrocytes. Therefore, the ...

BACKGROUND European Regulation 1924/2006 states that all health claims made on foods need to be substantiated scientifically. OBJECTIVE To apply the PASSCLAIM criteria for the scientific substantiation of health claims on foods to herbal supplements containing Ginkgo biloba. Evaluation of three selected claimed health effects for G. biloba (improvement of blood circulation, improvement of sym...

BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) is one of the most ancient living seed plants and is regarded as a living fossil. G. biloba has a broad spectrum of resistance or tolerance to many pathogens and herbivores because of the presence of toxic leaf compounds. Little is known about early and late events occurring in G. biloba upon herbivory. The aim of this study was to assess whether herbivory...