Drug addiction has developed to a social illness. Changes in glutamate transmission have been recorded by the repeated administration of addictive drugs into VTA. In this investigation, In vivo microdialysis was used to study the effects of morphine on glutamate release from the ventral tegmentum area (VTA) in freely moving rats. Rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg, i.p.) and...

Drug addiction has developed to a social illness. Changes in glutamate transmission have been recorded by the repeated administration of addictive drugs into VTA. In this investigation, In vivo microdialysis was used to study the effects of morphine on glutamate release from the ventral tegmentum area (VTA) in freely moving rats. Rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg, i.p.) and...

Background and Aims: Diabetes is one of the most important endocrine disrupters and is associated with various hormones, including those that can lead to diabetes. Glucocorticoid use may lead to insulin resistance. Dexamethasone is one of these glucocorticoid compounds. Glutamate dehydrogenase plays a key role in the production of glutamate in the secretion of insulin. Based on these hormonal i...

Introduction: Sex differences are observed in the development of tolerance to antinociceptive effect of opioid drugs such as morphine, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Critical role of glutamate in the development and maintenance of opioid tolerance has been reported by many investigators. There are also evidences about interaction between gonadal hormones and neuromodulatory sy...

  The paragigantocellularis (PGi) nucleus constitutes a large portion of the ventral pontomedullary reticular formation. Neurons within the PGi have been implicated in a variety of functions including cardiovascular regulation, respiratory control, pain and analgesia. Investigators have demonstrated that electrical stimulation and microinjection of L-glutamate into the PGi produce antinocicepti...

Objective: Female metabolism is highly responding towards diet associated changes. Monosodium glutamate is a popular flavor enhancer, which is widely used to develop umami taste. Young female generation nowadays deals with more issues related to metabolism and fertility. Present study is an effort to monitor the effect of monosodium glutamate oral consumption on female mice health and obesity. ...

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries and has increased incidence due to progression of average population age. Pharmalogical and mechanical reperfusion therapy, as primary therapeutic approaches, are only applicable to less than 10% of patients with a 50-70% efficacy. but about 90%of patients are severe restricted to these treatments. Glutamate excitotoxic...

Background: Glutamate is essential to learning and memory as an excitatory neurotransmitter. This study evaluated the atrazine effect on the hippocampus and examined the mitigative role of avocado oil against the neuronal degeneration and behavioral deficits in Wistar rats. Methods: Fifty adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of ten. Group 1 (controls) received 0.5 ml distilled ...

Addiction is a major problem of society. The existing evidences have shown that parental addiction impairs CNS development, learning, and memory. With respect to the role of glutamate in dentate gyrus on learning and memory, in this study, the effect of parental addiction to morphine on extracellular glutamate concentration in dentate gyrus was evaluated. For this purpose, male and female rats ...

background: there are many reports regarding to effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) and stem cell factor (scf)alone in liver repair .but conflicting data have been reported regarding the role of growth factors such as g-csf and scf in the liver regeneration system. also, there is not such data regarding to effects of co-administration both of g-csf and scf in the liver dama...