Language processing is predictive in nature, but it unknown whether language users generate multiple predictions about upcoming content simultaneously or spreading activation from one pre-activated word facilitates other words downstream. Simultaneously, developmental accounts of highlight potential tension among vs. accounts. We used self-paced reading to investigate if younger and older reade...

A model of the functional release unit (FRU) in rat cardiac muscle consisting of one dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and eight ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels, and the volume surrounding them, is formulated. It is assumed that no spatial [Ca2+] gradients exist in this volume, and that each FRU acts independently. The model is amenable to systematic parameter studies in which FRU dynamics are ...

An alternative method for deriving typicality judgments, applicable in young children that are not familiar with numerical values yet, is introduced, allowing researchers to study gradedness at younger ages in concept development. Contrary to the long tradition of using rating-based procedures to derive typicality judgments, we propose a method that is based on typicality ranking rather than ra...

Most words in natural languages are polysemous; that is, they have related but different meanings contexts. This one-to-many mapping of form to meaning presents a challenge understanding how word learned, represented, and processed. Previous work has focused on solutions which multiple static semantic representations linked single form, fails capture important generalizations about polysemous u...

Why is Artificial Intelligence concerned with metaphor, and what special contributions can AI offer to metaphor research? This chapter will indicate why AI needs to study metaphor and will outline what AI has been contributing to the illumination of metaphor, whether it is processed by artefacts or by the human mind. Specific contributions AI research on metaphor that one can already point to, ...

This paper proposes a fuzzy evidential model for commonsense causal reasoning. After an analysis of the advantages and limitations of existing accounts of causality, a generalized rule-based model FEL (Fuzzy Evidential Logic) is proposed that takes into account the inexactness and the cumulative evidentiality of commonsense reasoning. It corresponds naturally to a neural (connectionist) network...

A basic idea inherent in the use of fuzzy sets technology is the concept of computing with words. This ability will enable developers of future information retrieval systems to provide more intelligent and human friendly systems by allowing uses to interact with these systems in natural language while at the same time providing a machinary which will allow the computer to perform the types of f...

Knowledge organizes our understanding of the world, determining what we expect given what we have already seen. Our predictive representations have two key properties: they are productive, and they are graded. Productive generalization is possible because our knowledge decomposes into concepts—elements of knowledge that are combined and recombined to describe particular situations. Gradedness i...

Intuitive judgments of the acceptability of linguistic utterances constitute the primary source of evidence in linguistic theory. However, our understanding of what speakers actually do when they make such judgments is far from complete. Recently, two psycholinguistic studies bearing on this question have become available: Schütze (1996) provides a broad review of the relevant psychological fin...

This paper describes a new approach and a system SCREEN’ for fault-tolerant speech parsing. Speech parsing describes the syntactic and semantic analysis of spontaneous spoken language. The general approach is based on incremental immediate flat analysis, learning of syntactic and semantic speech parsing, parallel integration of current hypotheses, and the consideration of various forms of speec...