In this paper, a size-dependent first-order shear deformation plate model is formulated in the framework of the higher-order generalized nonlocal strain-gradient (GNSG) theory. This modelemploys ...

The likelihood-ratio method is often used to estimate gradients of stochastic computations, for which baselines are required to reduce the estimation variance. Many types of baselines have been proposed, although their degree of optimality is not well understood. In this study, we establish a novel framework of gradient estimation that includes most of the common gradient estimators as special ...

Human detection is an important topic that can be used for many applications, it is mainly found in areas that required surveillance such as airports, casinos, factories, construction and mining sites. In this paper, a novel human detection method is introduced to extract the human figure from an input image without prior information or training. This method firstly uses a head and shoulder det...

In this study, a three–layer artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to predict the pressure gradient in horizontal liquid–liquid separated flow. A total of 455 data points were collected from 13 data sources to develop the ANN model. Superficial velocities, viscosity ratio and density ratio of oil to water, and roughness and inner diameter of pipe were used as input parameters of ...

Policy gradient (PG) reinforcement learning algorithms have strong (local) convergence guarantees, but their learning performance is typically limited by a large variance in the estimate of the gradient. In this paper, we formulate the variance reduction problem by describing a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for policy gradient algorithms, and evaluate this SNR carefully for the popular Weight Per...

An important measure of the capitalland ratio in urban areas is the Floor Area Ratio (FAR), which gives a building’s total floor area divided by the plot size. Variations in the FAR across cities remain an understudied measure of urban spatial structure. We examine how the FAR varies across the five boroughs of New York City. In particular, we focus on the FAR gradient over the 20 century. Firs...

Abstract: We consider a discrete-time Markov chain Φ on a general state-space X, whose transition probabilities are parameterized by a real-valued vector θ. Under the assumption that Φ is geometrically ergodic with corresponding stationary distribution π(θ), we are interested in estimating the gradient ∇α(θ) of the steady-state expectation α(θ) = π(θ)f. To this end, we first give sufficient con...

We present a new neoclassical transport model for large aspect ratio tokamaks where the gradient scale lengths are of size ion poloidal gyroradius. Previous work on across barriers assumed density and potential gradients but small temperature gradient, or neglected mean parallel flow. Using low collisionality expansions, we relax these restrictive assumptions. define set variables based conserv...

In this paper we estimate the ratio OB stars to red supergiants (OB/R) as a function of the distance from the centre of M 33. We found a gradient of the ratio (OB/R) really exists. Our study is based on a new approach in estimating the errors on the ratio (OB/R). On the other hand, by applying a new correlation technique between OB star candidates and red supergiant candidates in the central re...