This article provides an integrative introduction to a PCSP journal issue on using case studies to develop theory. The case studies explore a variety of conceptual models, including two-person relational theory in psychoanalysis (Messer, 2011); interpersonal defense theory (Westerman, 2011); and assimilation theory (Schlieke, Stiles, et al. [2011]; and Gray & Stiles [2011]). In addition, the ca...

The formal theory of monads, originally introduced by Street in [22] and developed further by Lack and Street [17] provides a mathematically efficient treatment of several aspects of the theory of monads [1]. For example, it exhibits a universal property of the category of algebras for a monad and provides a clear explanation for Beck’s axioms for a distributive law [2]. Over the past few years...

objective(s): as heat, pain is one of the most common clinical symptoms. generally, calcitonin (ct) is prescribed as an analgesic agent for the treatment of pain, especially for the pain caused by osteoporosis or primary and metastatic bone tumor. however, the detailed mechanism remains unknown.materials and methods: in this study, chronic constriction injury (cci) rat model was created, and ho...