Trichromacy in humans and other Old World primates evolved from a dichromatic color vision system approximately 30-40 million years ago. One essential part of this evolution was the duplication and divergence of sequences on the X chromosome to create the present-day red and green cone pigment genes. Earlier work demonstrated that a locus control region (LCR) located upstream of these genes is ...

Methods. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were prepared from 67 anonymous males. The cells were embedded in agarose and the genomic DNA digested with restriction enzyme Not I. The resulting DNA fragments were resolved on a contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel, and the Not I fragment containing the red and green pigment genes was visualized by Southern blot hybridization with a human green...

Chlorosomes are the main light harvesting complexes of green photosynthetic bacteria. Recently, a lamellar model was proposed for the arrangement of pigment aggregates in Chlorobium tepidum chlorosomes, which contain bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c as the main pigment. Here we demonstrate that the lamellar organization is also found in chlorosomes from two brown-colored species (Chl. phaeovibrioid...

BACKGROUND While the understanding and technology of laser tattoo removal has advanced much over the last 5 decades, treatments and results remain far from perfect. With currently available devices, treatment courses are often painful and prolonged with mixed results. We describe the successful and rapid treatment of 12 tattoos containing blue and/or green pigment with a novel, picosecond, 755-...

Among eutherian mammals, only primates possess trichromatic color vision. In Old World primates, trichromacy was made possible by a visual pigment gene duplication. In most New World primates, trichromacy is based on polymorphic variation in a single X-linked gene that produces, by random X inactivation, a patchy mosaic of spectrally distinct cone photoreceptors in heterozygous females. In the ...

This paper reports an unusual green pigment, brochantite (Cu4(SO4)(OH)6), on 16th-century Portuguese-Flemish paintings, attributed to the Master Frei Carlos workshop. This green mineral is usually identified as an impurity or alteration product in the green pigments verdigris (Cu(CH3COO)2 nCu(OH)2) or malachite (CuCO3 Cu(OH)2). However, after thorough investigation with a broad range of analyti...

In the soybean there are two cotyledon colors, yellow and green. Both types are green in immature soybeans, but as the beans ripen, the green pigment fades out in yellow-cotyledon varieties, and persists in green-cotyledon varieties. In inheritance, yellow differs from green in possessing a factor or factors that cause the green pigment to fade out as the beans mature. In crosses between yellow...

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system for pigment analysis of marine phytoplankton was established. The characteristic quantification limits of the major photosynthetic chlorophylls a and b were 0.29 and 0.27 ng, respectively. The reliability of this method was verified by resolving the marker pigments in culture extracts from diatoms, blue-green algae and green algae. Fucoxant...

The human red and green color vision pigments are identical at all but 15 of their 364 amino acids, and yet their absorption maxima differ by 31 nm. In an extensive mutagenesis study, including a set of 28 chimeric proteins modeled after pigments in the color-deficient human population and an additional 30 single and multiple point mutants, the spectral difference between these 2 pigments is sh...