Galina Ivanova Ustvolskaya was born in 1919 in Petrograd and has lived there throughout her life.1 She had her formal musical training in the Leningrad Conservatory between 1937 and 1950, where she studied with Shostakovich. 2 Later she worked as a teacher in the same institution for most of her life. Although the Soviet Union possessed an elaborate system of music education (Schwarz, 1965, p. ...

Since there are major gaps in scientific knowledge about the greenhouse effect, policy makers are forced to rely on scientists’ judgments about the rate of climate change and its effects. It now appears that significant policy decisions will have to be made despite continuing uncertainty and disagreement among scientists. The best that policy makers can do is look for guidance in the best avail...

Absorption spectra of infra-red (IR) radiation of the disperse water medium absorbing the most important greenhouse gases: 2 CO , O N2 , 4 CH , 2 2H C , 6 2H C have been calculated by the molecular dynamics method. Loss of the absorbing ability at the formation of clusters due to a reduction of the number of centers interacting with IR radiation, results in an anti-greenhouse effect. Absorption...

The greenhouse effect can be defined as the consequence of increased heating of the Earth's surface, as well as the lower atmosphere by carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other trace amounts gases. It is well-known that human industrial activities have released large amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, about 900 billion tons of carbon dioxide, and it is estimated that up to 450 billion...

The buildup of so-called "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere C O 2 in particular -appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a "worst case" scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range o...

Climate science's method of deriving a surface temperature from incoming radiant energy (whose intensity is measured in watts per square meter) is based on the Stefan-Boltzmann formula [1], which in turn refers to a theoretical surface known as a blackbody – something that absorbs and emits all of the radiance it's exposed to. Since by definition a blackbody cannot emit less than 100% of what i...

A molecular dynamics simulation has been performed on the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane dissolved in a sodium chloride aqueous solution, as a simple model of seawater. A carbon dioxide molecule is also treated as a hydrogen carbonate ion. The structure, coordination number, diffusion coefficient, shear viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of the solutions have been d...

Among sonic interaction design practices a rising interest is given to the use of the voice as a tool for producing fast and rough sketches. Goal of the EU project SkATVG (Sketching Audio Technologies using Vocalization and Gestures, 2014-2016) is to develop vocal sketching as a reference practice for sound design by (i) improving our understanding on how sounds are communicated through vocaliz...