The goal of this contribution is the development of a plane stress orthotropic plasticity material model for clear spruce wood. Such a model has to consider an initially linear elastic domain as well as hardening and softening behaviour at higher states of stress and strain, respectively. Combining the advantage of a smooth single-surface plasticity model with the identification of distinct har...

The hardening hypothesis has intuitive and common sense appeal: in jurisdictions that have implemented evidence-based tobacco control policies, the smokers who have a relatively easy time quitting will quit, and as the future unfolds there will be an increasing proportion of remaining smokers who cannot quit and are more resistant to quitting than smokers in the past. In this context, ‘hardenin...

background: physical wedges are still widely used as beam modifiers in external beam radiotherapy. however the presence of them in the beam trace may cause beam hardening which may not be considered in many treatment planning systems. the aim of this study is to investigate the beam hardening effect generated by physical wedges via different beam quality indexes as photon spectrum, half value l...

Pravdo et al (1997) claimed that the phase resolved x-ray spectrum in Crab pulsar (PSR B0531+21) shows a spectral hardening at the leading edge of the first peak of its integrated profile (IP); this was a new and unexpected result. This article reanalyzes their data, as well as some other related data, and argues that the spectrum is as likely to be unvarying (i.e., neither hardening nor soften...

Adelic quantum mechanics is formulated. The corresponding model of the harmonic oscillator is considered. The adelic harmonic oscillator exhibits many interesting features. One of them is a softening of the uncertainty relation.

In-situ dendrite/metallic glass matrix composites (MGMCs) with a composition of Ti₄₆Zr₂₀V₁₂Cu₅Be₁₇ exhibit ultimate tensile strength of 1510 MPa and fracture strain of about 7.6%. A tensile deformation model is established, based on the five-stage classification: (1) elastic-elastic, (2) elastic-plastic, (3) plastic-plastic (yield platform), (4) plastic-plastic (work hardening), and (5) plastic...

We use Bai’s conservation equation for cracks, and Rice and Tracey’s equation for the growth of a spherical void in an infinite medium to derive an evolution equation for damage in an anisotropic material. It is then used to delineate the instability strain in a thin anisotropic sheet deformed in a plane stress state of deformation, and obeying Hill’s yield criterion. Assuming that strainand st...

The use of a stress-strain constitutive relation for the undamaged material and a traction-separation cohesive crack model with softening for cracking has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to predict and explain the size-scale effects on the mechanical response of quasi-brittle materials. In metals, where ductile fracture takes place, the situation is more complex due to the interpl...