Several ensemble methods have been proposed that can accommodate differing base model types. This document reviews the recent literature, and for each method, we identify (1) main contributions, (2) theoretical motivation, (3) empirical results and (4) relationships to other techniques.

Information retrieval systems are evaluated by applying them to standard test collections of documents, topics, and relevance judgements. An evaluation metric is then used to score a system’s output for each topic; these scores are averaged to obtain an overall measure of effectiveness. However, different topics have differing degrees of difficulty and differing variability in scores, leading t...

In honoring Carroll Izard’s contributions to emotion research, we discuss infant facial activity and emotion expression. We consider the debated issue of whether infants are biologically prepared to express specific emotions. We offer a perspective that potentially integrates differing viewpoints on infant facial expression of emotion. Specifically, we suggest that evolution has prepared infant...

A typical molecular ion mass spectrum consists of a sum of signals from species of various possible isotopic compositions. Only the monoisotopic peak (e.g., all carbons are 12C; all nitrogens are 14N, etc.) has a unique elemental composition. Every other isotope peak at approximately integer multiples of approximately 1 Da higher in nominal mass represents a sum of contributions from isotope co...