The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has been operational since being commissioned in 1999. The three RHIC vacuum systems have performed well and met the design requirements. A brief description of the vacuum systems is given. The experience obtained over the last three years is summarized with emphasis on the management of helium leaks in the insulating vacuum and on the reduction of bea...

Evaluation of Vegetation Diversity on Forest Road Fill-Slop using Bioengineering Method in Surdar-Watashan Forestry Plan

We use the effective action describing long-range QCD, which predicts that QCD behaves as a dual superconductor, to derive the interaction energy between two heavy quarks as a function of separation. The dual-superconductor field equations are solved in an approximation in which the boundary between the superconducting vacuum and the region of normal vacuum surrounding the quarks is sharp. Furt...

Heavy quark bound states are used as significative probes of the QCD vacuum and the mechanism of confinement. 1 Strong interaction and topological nontrivial configurations The focus of this school is on the " Topology of strongly correlated systems " in different areas ranging from QCD to condensed matter systems. In all these fields, investigations were presented about nontrivial topological ...

We study the effects induced by heavy fields on the masses of light fields in supersymmetric theories, under the assumption that the heavy mass scale is much higher than the supersymmetry breaking scale. We show that the square-masses of light scalar fields can get two different types of significant corrections when a heavy multiplet is integrated out. The first is an indirect level-repulsion e...

We present the newest results for the determination of heavy-quark masses from low-energy moments of the vacuum polarization function. The results presented here update an earlier determination of the quark masses and incorporate new theoretical calculations of the low-energy moments of the vacuum polarization and new experimental data at the bottom threshold.

We discuss the multiplicity distribution of electron-positron pairs created in the strong electromagnetic fields of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion transits. Based on nonperturbative expressions for the N-pair creation amplitudes, the Poisson distribution is derived by neglecting interference terms. The source of unitarity violation is identified in the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude, and a perturbativ...