BACKGROUND Although the negative effects of roads on the genetics of animal populations have been extensively reported, the question of whether roads reduce gene flow in volant, urban bird populations has so far not been addressed. In this study, we assess whether highways decreased gene flow and genetic variation in a small passerine bird, the tree sparrow (Passer montanus). METHODOLOGY We a...

Roads and highways can work as barriers to the movement of many species, thereby preventing individuals from accessing feeding reproduction sites immediate risk colliding wild species with vehicles. Identifying impacts roads on wildlife contribute establishment actions that promote conservation. In Brazil, data collisions between bats vehicles are scarce underestimated in literature. We describ...

W ith the advent of the automobile as a mode of transportation late in the nineteenth century, a new phenomenon, the motor vehicle acci­ dent, appeared on the American scene. While the motor vehicle was in its early stages of development, the problem was not serious. How­ ever, as the volume of cars on the highways increased, the number of accidents increased also; the problem began to assume g...

We exploit historical data on planned highways, railroads, and exploration routes as sources of exogenous variation, in order to estimate the effect of interstate highways on regional innovation: a 10% increase in a region?s stock of highways causes a 1.7% increase in regional patenting over a five-year period. In terms of the mechanism, we report evidence that roads facilitate local knowledge ...

This paper proposes an approach to guide statistical capacity building in developing countries using analysis based on components of the World Bank’s Statistical Performance Indicator a sample 215 countries. The demonstrates importance expanding traditional capacity-building activities include programs strengthen and better monitor ability National Systems (NSS) respond user data needs. Based t...

In recent years vehicular travel has increased at a tremendous rate. The construction of new highways and the improvement of existing facilities have failed to keep pace with the growth of motor-vehicle travel. The problem is especially acute in urban areas, where major arterial highways lack needed capacity for handling the large movements of intracity travel. Many urban roads were constructed...

In order to simulate congestion of road traffic system, it is indispensable to describe vehicles having their own decision-making capabilities, and to have detailed and exact road condition data on the road system. The road system is composed of such roads as streets, avenues and highways, and their intersections. In this study, we represent it by a network in which roads are arcs and intersect...

Through utilizing US state-level data at annual frequency from 1976 to 2008, this paper documents a causal effect of infrastructure investments, specifically public spending on highways, on income inequality. The number of seats in the US House of Representatives Committee On Appropriations serves as a valid instrument to identify quasi-random variations in state-level spending on highways. Whe...

IN T R O D U C T IO N The major material utilized in the construction of the roads, streets and highways of this country is asphalt. Of the nation’s 3.84 million miles of roads, 1.86 million are paved, hard-surfaced structures. 1.74 million or 94% of these paved roads are constructed of asphalt (Fig. 1). Likewise, within the state of Indiana, 83% or about 9300 miles of the 11,200 miles under th...