Abstract The topic of finding effective strategies to restrain epidemic spreading in complex networks is current interest. A widely used approach for containment the fragmentation contact through immunization. However, due limitation immune resources, we cannot always fragment network completely. In this study, based on size distribution connected components network, designed a risk indicator o...

Rural infrastructure is crucial for agriculture, agro-industries and overall economic development of rural areas. It also, incidentally, provides basic amenities that improve the quality of life. However, infrastructure projects, including those in rural sector, involve huge initial investments, long gestation periods, high incremental capital output ratio, high risk and low rate of returns on ...