BACKGROUND: Cluttering has been described in the literature on speech disorders for over 300 years. Despite this, it remains a poorly understood condition whose history not analyzed as whole to identify common themes and underlying frameworks. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is thematic questions frameworks contained within cluttering since earliest found reference 1717. METHODS: Informat...

THE ANCIENT WORLD passed from the Stone Age through the Bronze and Iron Ages to our modern developed society—a society that is dependent on metals and alloys for its very existence. However, an impressive body of metallurgical knowledge developed in the thousands of years since ancient man first found copper and became curious enough to investigate the behavior of this naturally occurring, rela...

この特集号のテーマは,「この 40年の各専門分野の 変遷と将来展望について」ということで引き受けたが, 筆者が研究を始めたのは 1979年であるので今年まで 続けたとしても筆者の研究期間はいささか短いことに 気がついた.40 年という年月はやっぱり長いと思う が,象徴的意味と考えて引き受けることにした. 超伝導エレクトロニクスの研究はこのころ(1975年 ごろ)から活発になってきたように思う.それは IBM が始めた,ジョセフソン素子を使ってコンピュータを 作ろうというプロジェクトが始まったからである [1]. 日本もこのころに,研究を開始している.そのころの 我が国は,IBMの動向には極めて敏感で,次世代のコ ンピュータの素子は半導体ではなく超伝導であるとい う IBMの考えは,我が国の中でも耳目を集めた.電子 技術総合研究所,電電公社,富士通,日本電気,三菱 電機の研究所で基礎的...

Humans have used psychoactive mushrooms for medical, recreational, religious and ritual purposes since pre-history. Previous studies have clarified that psychoactive mushrooms produce psychoactive agents such as psilocybin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol. However, the status of psychoactive mushrooms in most countries as illegal hallucinogens has prevented full investigation of their bio...

Ancient concepts of the blood were described by Hippocrates and Galen 2000 years ago in their doctrine of “humors.” It was believed that the body was made up of four humors – blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile – and that these four componentshadthequalitiesofheat(“hot-blooded!”),cold, moist, and dry. The Galenic concept of the blood prevailed through the Middle Ages. Health or disease w...