Dramatic shifts in community composition occur between vertical and horizontal rocky surfaces in subtidal environments worldwide, yet the forces mediating this transition are poorly understood. Vertical rock walls are often covered by lush, diverse communities of sessile suspension-feeding invertebrates, while adjacent horizontal substrates are dominated by algae, or corals in the tropics. Mult...

A reenement relation for parameterized algebraic speciications is introduced in which the body speciication is reened covariantly (i.e., specialized) while the parameter speciication is reened contravariantly (i.e., generalized). This reenement is similar to the subtyping relation between function types. Assuming a few relatively weak axioms about parameterized speciications, re-nement is shown...

We study the post-main sequence evolution of products of collisions between main sequence stars (blue stragglers), with particular interest paid to the horizontal branch and asymptotic giant branch phases. We found that the blue straggler progeny populate the colour-magnitude diagram slightly blueward of the red giant branch and between 0.2 and 1 magnitudes brighter than the horizontal branch. ...

DNA composition in general, and codon usage in particular, is crucial for understanding gene function and evolution. CodonExplorer, available online at http://bmf.colorado.edu/codonexplorer/, is an online tool and interactive database that contains millions of genes, allowing rapid exploration of the factors governing gene and genome compositional evolution and exploiting GC content and codon u...

Compositional Design of Analog Systems Using Contracts by Xuening Sun Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineeing and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley Professor Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Chair This work addresses the problem of assembling analog integrated systems out of pre-designed IP components. Efficient system-level design is increasingly relying on hierarchica...

The paper presents how domain modeling may leverage the hierarchical composition, supporting two orthogonal mechanisms (vertical and horizontal) for composing completely autonomous parts. The vertical mechanism is in charge of coordinating heterogeneous components, tools or services at a high level of abstraction, by hiding the technical details. The result of such a composition is called “doma...

The physical orientation of rocky substrate profoundly affects subtidal marine communities of sessile organisms. Anecdotal descriptions of dramatic differences between communities on rock walls and adjacent horizontal rocky bottoms abound in the literature and are common knowledge among scuba divers, yet these differences have rarely been quantified by ecologists. We sampled rock walls and adja...

Intensive surveys have been conducted to unravel spatial patterns of benthic infauna communities. Although it has been recognized that benthic organisms are spatially structured along the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the sediment, little is known on how these two dimensions interact with each other. In this study we investigated the interdependence between the vertical and horizontal d...

The ionic mechanism of horizontal cell potentials was investigated in the isolated retina of the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. The membrane potentials of both receptors and horizontal cells were recorded intracellularly while the ionic composition of the medium flowing over the receptor side of the retina was changed. The membrane potential of the horizontal cell is highly depender side of the r...

The gas delivered from a cylinder of Entonox (50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen) may not contain adequate quantities of oxygen if the cylinder has been cooled and then allowed to warm up in a vertical position.The composition of gas delivered from cylinders cooled to not lower than -40 degrees C. remains unaltered if the cylinders are rewarmed for 24 hours in a horizontal position at a temperatu...