For many countries, increasing energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are key countermeasures to cope with the energy crisis and climate change. Of the various heating equipment such as heat pumps, gas-fired boilers, oil-fired boilers, or electric boilers, heat pumps are widely adopted for space heating, water heating, and process heating by households, business, and industry d...

Temperature is one of the most principle factors affects aquaculture system. It can cause stress and mortality or superior environment for growth and reproduction. This paper presents the control of pond water temperature using artificial intelligence technique. The water temperature is very important parameter for shrimp growth. The required temperature for optimal growth is 34C, if temperatur...

Water heating accounts for 17.7% of total residential energy use in the United States and is the second largest end use after space heating and cooling. There is great potential to improve the energy efficiency of residential water heaters and reduce their energy use in new and existing homes. Previous efforts primarily focused on improving the insulation and combustion efficiency of water heat...

Due to at least two reasons, energy consumption for heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) and domestic hot water (DHW) systems should be reduced. First, the total energy consumption is high since nearly 20% of total energy in USA is accounted for HVAC systems. Sencond reason is exploitation of renevable energy sources, which depend on current time and weather situation. Thus, the energy...

Market penetration studies indicate that in the absence of tax credits, large reductions in the costs of active solar hot water/space heating systems will be necessary. A number of potential means for equipment and labor cos‘t reductions are pres'ented. The use of drainback systems with'polybutylene pipe and a variety of low-cost collector concepts is discussed-. The pros and cons of the variou...

INTRODUCTION This study compared simulated temperature distributions of intraluminal heating devices, concerning penetration and homogeneity. A hot water balloon, a 434-MHz monopole and a 915-MHz dipole antenna, both with incorporated cooling, and a 27-MHz applicator were investigated. METHODS The hot water balloon had an inlet temperature of 45 degrees C and a flow rate of 7.85 ml s(-1). The...

This paper studies planning problems for a group of heating systems which supply the hot water demand for domestic use in houses. These systems (e.g. gas or electric boilers, heat pumps or microCHPs) use an external energy source to heat up water and store this hot water for supplying the domestic demands. The latter allows to some extent a decoupling of the heat production from the heat demand...

Energy consumption for hot water production is a major draw in high efficiency buildings. Optimizing this has typically been approached from a thermodynamics perspective, decoupled from occupant influence. Furthermore, optimization usually presupposes existence of a detailed dynamics model for the hot water system. These assumptions lead to suboptimal energy efficiency in the real world. In thi...

We first examine the determinants of household expenditures on space heating and hot water supply in Germany. A number of socio-economic characteristics of households are included along with building characteristics. Our analysis covers information on more than 12,000 households in Germany for the years 1998 and 2003. The analysis continues by investigating whether different kinds of households...