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Introduction Vertical transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) depends primarily on breast-feeding; substitution of bottle-feeding has reduced the transmission rate from 20% in breast-fed children to 3% among bottle-fed. To determine the correlates of transmission for long breast-feeding (2 6 mo), short breast-feeding (< 6 mo), and bottlefeeding mothers, the antibody titers of...

objective(s): htlvi-1 is the first human retrovirus with limited endemic regions in the world. the epidemiological studies have shown that the genetic background and immune response to the virus have a significant role in htlv-i-associated diseases.  among the genes are involved in htlv-i infection, the role of human leukocytes antigen (hla) have been studied in different population. in the pre...

Serum antibodies against human T cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I) were investigated in 12 patients by four methods: indirect immunoperoxidase staining, indirect immunofluorescence, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and strip radioimmunoassay based on the Western blotting assay. Seven patients had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and five various autoimmune diseases with one or mo...

Organisms adapt to infectious agents by developing protective responses, and conversely, infectious agents develop adaptive countermeasures to these responses. Host defenses against infectious agents include adaptive and innate immune responses (e.g., natural killer cells, Toll-like receptors, and interferons). Recently, additional host defense systems against viruses have been identified. Thes...

Epidemiological evidences point to an increasing causative role of viruses in the multifactorial multistep etiology of human malignancies. The interactions of viruses with certain environmental and genetic factors may account for the geographic variability of incidences and clinic-biological characteristics of particular virus-associated cancers. Estimates about the preventable risks of cancer ...

The city of Salvador has the highest prevalence of HTLV-I among blood donors in Brazil. To study the prevalence of HTLV-I among the general population of Salvador, 30 “sentinel surveillance areas” were selected for the investigation of various infectious diseases, and 1385 individuals within these areas were surveyed according to a simple random sample procedure. ELISA was used to screen plasma...

Ganglioside expression on adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLVI)-infected cells was determined by using a panel ofmonoclonal antibodies. ATL lines and HTLV-I-infected cells specifically expressed GD2. Leukemia cells from ATL patients generally expressed low levels of GD2 but the percentage of GD2+ cells increased up to 40-70% after in vitro culture in the...

processes mediate the initiation and progression of the atherosclerotic lesion, as well as contributing definitively to the development of acute ischemic syndromes. Recognition of the key role played by inflammation in atherogenesis augments the interest in cardiovascular disease among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by acute arthritis affec...