The mother-offspring relationship has components of both positivity and negativity. Kowakare is a new concept introduced to explain an adaptive function of the negativity in the early mother-offspring relationship. Kowakare is the psycho-somatic development of the relationship as the process of accumulation in the otherness of offspring. Early human Kowakare has two frameworks, biological inter...

background: in recent years concerns have been raised about human reproductive disorders, specially the effects of environmental factors on human fertility and pregnancy outcome. therefore, the present study was designed to assess the effects of maternal caffeine consumption on ovarian follicles development in rat offspring. methods: 60 pregnant female rats were randomly divided into a control ...

This research was designed to study sexual differences in place conditioning induced by morphine in offspring born of female Wistar rats mated with drug-naïve males. Mothers were exposed to morphine during the 14th-16th days of gestational. Control dams were simply saline-injected. Female and male virgin offspring born of morphine-treated or saline-treated mothers were separately housed until b...

T H E historic controversy between 'spermists' and 'ovists' ended towards the close of the eighteenth century in a partial victory for both sides: sperm and egg were shown to be alike necessary for the genesis of a new individual. But the question of the relative biological contribution of the male and female parent remained open. A century later the biometrical school of Karl Pearson showed th...

Are acquired characteristics inherited? We admit that individuals inherit a certain constitution, and that definite variations from this constitution are acquired during life-time, according to well-known laws. The question is: Are these definite acquired variations in any degree transmitted, or are the congenital variations in the constitution of the offspring independent of those which have b...

During the course of a day an individual typically mixes with different groups of individuals. Epidemic models incorporating population structure with individuals being able to infect different groups of individuals have received extensive attention in the literature. However, almost exclusively the models assume that individuals are able to simultaneously infect members of all groups, whereas ...

Background and Objective: It is conceivable that caffeine consumption would induce gonadal changes. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of embryonic caffeine exposure on rat testis and prostate. Materials and Methods: Female rats were divided into (n=7): A control, only received drinking water. B and C groups received caffeine low dose (26 mg/kg) and high dose (45 mg/kg) respectively...

this research was designed to study sexual differences in place conditioning induced by morphine in offspring born of female wistar rats mated with drug-naïve males. mothers were exposed to morphine during the 14th-16th days of gestational. control dams were simply saline-injected. female and male virgin offspring born of morphine-treated or saline-treated mothers were separately housed until b...