BACKGROUND Exercise in the heat causes important water and electrolytes losses through perspiration. Optimal rehydration is crucial to facilitate the recuperation process after exercise. The aim of our study was to examine whether a moderate beer intake as part of the rehydration has any negative effect protocol after a short but dehydrating bout of exercise in the heat. METHODS Sixteen activ...

This paper focuses on the characteristics of a model interpreting the effect of training on athletic performance. The model theory is presented both mathematically and graphically. In the model, a systematically quantified impulse of training produces dual responses: fitness and fatigue. In the absence of training, both decay exponentially with time. With repetitive training, these responses sa...

It has been shown that prior experience with a task improves temporal prediction, even when the amount of prior experience with the task is often limited. The present study targeted the role of extensive training on temporal prediction. Expert and intermediate runners had to predict the time of a 5 km running competition. Furthermore, after the race's completion, participants had to estimate th...

In this article we consider a pq-dimensional random vector x distributed normally with mean vector θ and the covariance matrix Λ, assumed to be positive definite. On the basis of N independent observations on the random vector x, we wish to estimate parameters and test the hypothesis H: Λ = Ψ ⊗Σ, where Ψ = (ψij) : q × q and Σ = (σij) : p × p, and Λ = (ψijΣ), the Kronecker product of Ψ and Σ. Th...