An optical transmission test and a bulge test were designed and tested as part of an endeavor to improve x-ray mask manufacturing. The thicknesses and indices of refraction of silicon nitride membranes were measured with the optical transmission test, and the results were explained using Male's graphical method. The residual stress and bulk modu-lus of silicon nitride membranes and PMMA were me...

background: transplants of multipotent stem cells have been shown to have a neuroprotective effect after central nervous system injury. the bulge region of the hair follicle has been reported as a putative source of hair follicle stem cells (hfsc) for many years; however, few studies have documented the properties of bulge derived cells in vitro until now. this study was conducted to isolate an...

Free-standing nanocrystalline copper (Cu) films with grain size around 39 nm are fabricated by thermal evaporation and characterized by the plane-strain bulge test. Young’s modulus and yield stress at a 0.2% offset are about 110 ~ 130 GPa and 400 MPa, respectively. Results show that no grain growth is observed and the predominant plastic deformation mechanism is grain boundary sliding accompani...

The plane-strain bulge test is a powerful new technique for measuring the mechanical properties of thin films. In this technique, the stress–strain curve of a thin film is determined from the pressure-deflection behavior of a long rectangular membrane made of the film of interest. For a thin membrane in a state of plane strain, film stress and stain are distributed uniformly across the membrane...

Tube Hydroforming (THF) is getting an increasing amount of attention in industry. THF has advantages such as weight reduction, high dimensional accuracy, and high rigidity. However, this forming process requires precise control of internal pressure and axial feeding. Additionally, in most cases prebending processes must be performed on the tubes before the hydroforming process can be carried ou...