BACKGROUND Esophageal motility abnormalities include a series of manometric findings that differ to a significant degree from findings in normal, asymptomatic volunteers. METHODS Current review summarizes conventional and high-resolution esophageal manometry criteria used to define and characterize esophageal hypertensive motility abnormalities. KEY RESULTS In the conventional esophageal ma...

Hypokalemia is a common clinical problem. The kidney is responsible for long term potassium homoeostasis, as well as the serum potassium concentration. The main nephron site where K secretion is regulated is the cortical collecting duct, mainly via the effects of aldosterone. Aldosterone interacts with the mineralocorticoid receptor to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion; the r...

Understand the effects of pregnancy on the maternal cardiovascular system. Devise a clear and rational plan for antepartum care in women with chronic hypertension. Understand the distinction between pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia, and between “mild” and “severe” preeclampsia. Discuss the risks and benefits of the various preventive strategies for women at highrisk for developin...

Hypertension is the most common medical disorder of pregnancy in the United States, affecting 6% to 8% of pregnant women. It is also a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide1; approximately 63,000 women die every year because of the maternal hypertensive syndromes preeclampsia and eclampsia.2 Hypertensive disorders also result in fetal complications such as preter...

The author reviews the definitions and diagnostic criteria for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, with recommendations its prevention management by nurse practitioners providing prepregnancy, interpregnancy, antepartum, postpartum care.

OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency of obstructive sleep apnoea among women with and without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Obstetric clinics at an academic medical centre. POPULATION Pregnant women with hypertensive disorders (chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, or pre-eclampsia) and women who were normotensive. METHODS Women completed a que...

the purpose of this prospective study was to determine the effect of calcium supplementation in the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia) in nulliparous and high risk women. 300 pregnant women in the 24th week of gestation at the beginning of the study were entered into a double-blind randomized trial. 143 of them who had a positive roll-o...

background: hypertension is one of the major chronic disorders. hypertensive patients have various disease-related experiences, based on personal and social characteristics, life style and other effective factors. nurses face different situations during their activities process and presentation of these experiences obtained during working with patients can help them to improve the clinical acti...