OBJECTIVE We reviewed previous studies that have described an association between abnormal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and depression. In addition to melancholic depression, a spectrum of conditions may be associated with increased and prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In contrast another group of states is characterized by hypoactivatio...

In thalassemia major (TM) patients, impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis secondary to hemosiderosis of the pituitary gland and/or adrenal glands is well established. In TM, hypocortisolism is paucisymptomatic or causes nonspecific symptoms. Although adrenal insufficiency (AI) is rare; an acute crisis may occur in the event of acute cardiac decompensation, stress, or sepsi...

Synchronisation of the circadian system The biological clock within the SCN is thought to be the pacemaker of the circadian system, since lesions to the SCN alter circadian physiology and behaviour. The SCN co-ordinates circadian rhythms via endocrine and neural pathways. These include melatonin, the renin-angiotensin system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis including cortisol, and the h...

Long-term exposure to social and biological/physical stressful events produces stress responses. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the main neuroendocrine regulatory systems in process stress. Recent studies have shown that skin, as a large endocrine organ, also has peripheral functions similar central HPA axis. skin responds positively range symptoms. This review will int...

Metabolic diseases are an increasing problem in society with the brain-metabolic axis as a master regulator of human body for sustaining homeostasis under metabolic stress. However, inflammation and disease will trigger sustained activation hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In this study, we investigated role stress on progenitor cells vitro, applied insulin leptin to murine isolated from pi...

Androgens are intricately involved in reproductive and aggressive behaviors, but the role of the androgen receptor in mediating these behaviors is less defined. Further, activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can influence each other at the level of the androgen receptor. Knowledge of the mechanisms for androgens' effects on behaviors through...

Ghrelin is a stomach-derived hormone that regulates food intake and neuroendocrine function by acting on its receptor, GHSR (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor). Recent evidence indicates that a key function of ghrelin is to signal stress to the brain. It has been suggested that one of the potential stress-related ghrelin targets is the CRF (Corticotropin-Releasing Factor)-producing neurons o...