Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a central mediator of innate immunity and inflammation. The IL-1 family includes seven ligands with agonist activity (IL-1α and IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ), three receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra, IL-36Ra, IL-38), and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-37). Members of the IL-1 Receptor (IL-1R) family include six receptor chains forming four signaling receptor...

Both psoriasis and pustular are characterized by prominent involvement of IL-36 family cytokines, which consists three pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-36A, IL-36B IL-36G, the receptor antagonist (IL-36RA/IL36RN). cytokines significantly increased in psoriatic skin, on average about 5-10-fold elevated forms psoriasis. Using single-cell spatial-seq approaches we have demonstrated that responses pr...

The gene encoding IL-1 was sequenced more than 30 years ago, and many related cytokines, such as IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, IL-38, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-36Ra, have since been identified. IL-1 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and is involved in various inflammatory diseases. Other IL-1 family ligands are critical for the development of diverse diseases, including inflamm...

INTRODUCTION Interleukin (IL)-36 refers to three related IL-1 family cytokines, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ, that bind to the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R). IL-36 exerts proinflammatory effects in skin and lung and stimulates T cell responses. In the present study, we examined the expression and function of IL-36R and its ligands in experimental arthritis. METHODS Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a...

IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ are members of the IL-1 family of cytokines that signal through a common receptor composed of IL-36R and IL-1R/AcP to activate NF-κB and MAPKs, such as p38 and JNK, and promote inflammatory responses. IL-36Ra is a natural antagonist of the 3 IL-36 agonists that binds to IL-36R and inhibits binding of the agonistic ligands. These cytokines are expressed predominantly b...

Loss-of-function mutations in the IL36RN gene encoding interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36RA) cause familial generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), which often begins shortly after birth and is difficult to treat. Previously, we found that IL-36 agonists, especially mature IL-36γ, promote production of IL-8 proIL-36γ epidermis simultaneously downregulate genes for epidermal keratinocyte en...

The IL-1 family of cytokines encompasses eleven proteins that each share a similar β-barrel structure and bind to Ig-like receptors. Some of the IL-1-like cytokines have been well characterised, and play key roles in the development and regulation of inflammation. Indeed, IL-1α (IL-1F1), IL-1β (IL-1F2), and IL-18 (IL-1F4) are well-known inflammatory cytokines active in the initiation of the inf...

BACKGROUND Chronic pustular dermatoses are severe and debilitating autoinflammatory conditions that can have a monogenic basis. Their clinical features are, however, complex with considerable overlap. Null and missense mutations in the genes encoding interleukin (IL)-1 family (IL-1 and IL-36) anti-inflammatory receptor antagonist (Ra) cytokines can underlie the development of severe pustular de...

Abstract Hempseed cake, a byproduct of industrial hemp and subsequent hempseed oil extraction processes, contains cannabinoids fatty acids that could be potentially therapeutic for livestock, but little is known about the extent to which cake can influence immune response variables cattle. An endotoxin challenge experiment using crossbred steers (n = 5; initial BW 542 kg, SD 40 kg) was conducte...