Collagenous colitis is a poorly understood condition associated with autoimmunity that results in watery, nonbloody diarrhea [1]. Common variable immunodefi ciency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of antibody defi ciency disorders resulting in recurrent infection, autoimmunity, malignancy, and inflammatory complications [2]. CVID is diagnosed when there is a marked reduction in both immunoglobul...

A 35-year-old man came to the offi ce with right-sided facial swelling, which he had noted over the last two years. The swelling was worse in the mornings and decreased through the day; however there were no symptom-free days. He had not experienced fevers, chills, or changes in his vision. He had experienced multiple episodes of lower extremity cellulitis, left more frequent than right leg, be...

Viral and immunologic examination of human immunodefi ciency virus type-1 infected , persistently seronegative persons. Rapid disease progression without sero-conversion following primary human im-munodefi ciency virus type 1 infection— evidence for highly susceptible human hosts. J, et al. Human immunodefi ciency virus infection and AIDS in a person with negative serology. humoral and cellular...

Dear Editor, Both dengue and acute human immunodefi ciency virus-1 (HIV-1) can cause a febrile illness associated with myalgias, rash and blood count abnormalities, as noted in a single case report.1 In Singapore, suspected cases of dengue are usually managed as outpatients without confi rmatory testing, so acute HIV-1 may be misdiagnosed.2 If routine confi rmatory testing for dengue-like illne...

TO THE EDITOR—We read with interest the comments of Manfredi. The aim of our study was to determine the sero-prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies among human immunodefi-ciency virus (HIV)–positive subjects in the ICONA cohort and to define the impact of CMV serostatus on the risk of AIDS and severe non-AIDS events/death. Although we agree that our analysis has several limitations, men...

4AQR 4-Aminoquinoline retinopathy 4AQs 4-Aminoquinolines (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) ABW Actual body weight APC Antigen presenting cell BCVA Best corrected visual acuity C Chloroquine C p G ODN C p G oligodeoxynucleotide CV Color vision CYP Cytochrome P450 enzymes DFE Dilated fundus examination DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinases FP Ferriprotoporphyrin ...

Dear Editor, Outside of mid-western United States,1 histoplasmosis is endemic in pockets of Asia (like Indonesia) and Europe (Italy, Hungary, Romania, Britain).2 It is caused by H. capsulatum, a fungus found in barns, old houses or soil contaminated with bird droppings. Airborne spores infect those who inhale it. Disease manifestation is myriad, ranging from a sub-clinical infection to an organ...

Introduction Movement disorders occur in 2–3% of patients with AIDS and are mostly caused by toxoplasmosis abscesses [1] . However, other rare etiologies such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) or human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV)-associated dementia have been described [2, 3] . The diagnosis of PML is supported by typical MRI fi ndings and the detection of JC virus (JCV) DNA...

Human immunodefi ciency virus type-1 integrase (IN) is a new and novel target for inhibitors. Strand transfer inhibitors effectively prevent concerted integration of viral DNA by IN into the host chromosomes. Raltegravir is the fi rst approved strand transfer inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. We propose a mechanistic hypothesis as to "when and where" these inhibitors are active in viru...