Inventory models with imperfect quality items are studied by researchers in past two decades. Till now none of them have considered the effect of substitutions to cope up with shortage and avoid lost sales. This paper presents an EOQ approach for inventory system with shortages and two types of products with imperfect quality by one way substitution. Our model provides significant advantage for...

*Correspondence: [email protected] 1Department of Mathematics, Techno India University, West Bengal, India Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Abstract In this paper, we have developed an integrated supplier-manufacturer-retailer, joint economic lot-sizing model for the items with stochastic demand and imperfect quality. The supplier produces the item (raw...

The traditional economic production quantity (EPQ) model assumes that the production products are all perfect. It is not always true in the real production system, due to imperfect production process or other factors, imperfect quality items may be produced. Furthermore, it is well-known that the total production-inventory costs can be reduced by reworking the imperfect quality items produced w...

In real life situation, advance technologies are used to produce items but due some technical error imperfect produced. Therefore it is necessary separate these by complete screening process and such sold at discounted price the end of process. This paper study about EOQ model for with shortage zero lead time. Additionally, provides a reduce emissions including carbon cap, tax, cap offset price...