Drug-seeking behavior elicited by drug-associated cues contributes to relapse in addiction; however, whether relapse elicited by drug-associated conditioned reinforcers (CR) versus discriminative stimuli (DS) involves distinct or overlapping neuronal populations is unknown. To address this question, we developed a novel cocaine self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement paradigm that exp...

In this report we have approached two questions relating to the mechanism of action of cyclosporin A (CsA). First, we address whether the major cytosolic protein for CsA, cyclophilin, is directly involved in mediating the immunosuppressive activity of this drug, and, in particular, whether inhibition of this protein's peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity results in inhibition o...

Cis-polybutadiene was functionalized using in–situ generated DMD as oxidant and tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide as phase transfer catalyst (PTC). The epoxidation process was investigated by 1HNMR spectroscopy. 1HNMR spectrum analysis of products confirms the absence of ring opening side products in epoxidation reaction. Various factors such as reaction temperature, reaction time and the concentr...

Background: The excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and biological properties of the hydrogels, fabricated using natural polymers, especially polysaccharides, are very advantageous for biomedical applications. Gum tragacanth (GT) is a heterogeneous highly branched anionic polysaccharide, which has been used extensively in food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite,  its desirable prop...

sound power is considered as an excellent measure for evaluating the efficiency of noise controls as well as for comparing noise sources in workrooms. this parameter can be determined by sound pressure or intensity based methods in real conditions of workrooms. this paper aims empirically to compare these in situ methods in relation to a typical industrial machine located in workroom in terms o...

in this work, a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (tpue) model based on polytetramethylene glycol, toluene diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol was selected and synthesized. according to this model two types of polyurethane nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization and melt intercalation procedures. the organo-modified nanoclay was used in nanocomposites samples in 0.4 weight percent...

bis(2-r-ind)zrcl2 (r: h or phenyl) was supported on different types of silica by in situ impregnation method and used for ethylene polymerization. in this method, the step of catalyst loading on support was eliminated and common alkyl aluminum (triisobutylaluminum, tiba) cocatalyst was used instead of expensive methyl aluminiumoxane (mao) cocatalyst in the polymerization. the effect of surface ...

background: flat urothelial lesions comprise a spectrum of morphologic changes ranging from reactive atypia to carcinoma in situ (cis). urothelial dysplasia and cis are associated with the recurrence and progression of urothelial carcinoma. distinguishing cis and dysplasia from reactive atypia based on histolopathogical features alone is often difficult. using different immunohistochemical mark...