Many studies have revealed that conventional forms of political participation, especially among young people, women, minorities and migrants, are currently in decline (e.g., Blais & Dobrzynska, 1998; Franklin, 2002; International IDEA, 2004; Putnam, 2000). However, two different explanations have been put forward to explain this phenomenon: some authors argue that political apathy and alienatio...

This study aims to investigate the effects of socio-economic base on social participation among the youth. The research method is survey, with a sample of 385 people from the citizens over 18 years old in Babol city. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire are respectively measured by the exterior validity and Cronbach's alpha (0.85). The findings show that social participation is...

21th century has been named as Participation century. Therefore, the future complicated world will request in empowering the people and their active Participation in all arena. According to this fact, the world will be able to pass the future complications just via the Participation of Active people. Among then, the Participation expansion in passing societies, which had less activities in Part...

BACKGROUND The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (WHO-ICF) describes participation restriction as one aspect of disability. Participation restriction refers to health problems that can hinder people's involvement in different life events. It is rational to believe that the prevalence of participation restriction increases among a frail population. However, info...

one of main goals of urban officials is encouraging and promoting social participation among citizens. this is so, because both reduce costs and can be a base for self-fulfillment and empowerment among citizens. but, like other actions, measuring participative actions has some difficulties. the main difficulty is about measuring that part of social action which occurs in actor’s mind. this part...