Dr. Ming Yang is an energy and environment economist in the IEA, and Dr. William Blyth is a consultant. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policy of the International Energy Agency or of its individual member countries. As this paper is a Work in Progress, designed to elicit comments and further debate, comments are w...

The Implementing Agreement This report on long-term R&D needs for wind energy was produced by the Implementing Agreement for Cooperation in the Research and Development of Wind Turbine Systems (IEA R&D Wind), which forms part of a programme of international energy technology collaboration which is undertaken under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The IEA is the energy foru...

The unit interval in a partially ordered abelian group with order unit forms an interval effect algebra (IEA) and can be regarded as an algebraic model for the semantics of a formal deductive logic. There is a categorical equivalence between the category of IEA’s and the category of unigroups. In this article, we study the IEA-unigroup connection, focusing on the cases in which the IEA is a Boo...

A new immunoenzymatic assay (IEA) for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus strains of both human and animal origin was compared with rapid commercial kits. The sensitivities and specificities of the commercial kits varied from 90.2 to 96% and 90.8 to 93.7%, respectively. The IEA did not give any false-negative or false-positive results, while commercial kits gave high percentages of fals...

The literature on International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) predicts a rather low number of signatories to an IEA. This is in sharp contrast to empirical evidence. As experimental economics provides some evidence for more complex human behavior, extending the theory of IEAs to a broader class of preferences is clearly promising. The present paper shows that where countries’ preferences inco...

The state of health (SOH) a lithium ion battery is critical to the safe operation such batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). However, regeneration phenomenon capacity has significant impact on accuracy SOH estimation. To overcome this difficulty, paper we propose method for estimating based incremental energy analysis (IEA) and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM). First, IE curve that...

Energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions account for nearly 60 per cent of total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. In 2011, CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels reached a record 31.6 Gt (IEA 2012a). Primary energy consumption continues to rise and fossil fuels have provided the major share of the incremental growth over the past decade, accounting for more than 80 per cent o...

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are relatively new group of analytical tools. Work principles of such devices partially evolved from chromatographic techniques, particularly planar chromatography. Recently, analytical devices based on paper are subject of extensive research, mostly focused on fast and non-expensive biochemical analysis but also for screening of medical and e...

In this paper we describe an improvement to the popular IDA* search algorithm that emphasizes a different spacefor-time trade-off than previously suggested. In particular, our algorithm, called Iterative-Expansion A* (IEA*), focuses on reducing redundant node expansions within individual depth-first search (DFS) iterations of IDA* by employing a relatively small amount of available memory— boun...