China’s environmental policy emphasizes the use of economic instruments. By levying a fee for discharges, the government hopes to internalize environmental costs associated with production and consumption. This policy has been working relatively well in the urban areas, but faces a grave challenge in the rural areas where there has been a development of rural industries on a massive scale since...

solid waste management system is a collection of activities used for regulate society waste in the manner of engineering and sanitary. in order to have waste management system in rural areas there should be appropriate building capacity. the status quo of functional elements in rural solid waste management system in iran includes collecting and disposing in the ground. the mean of per capita pr...

the intestinal parasitic infection is one of the major health problems in northern parts of iran, especially in rural areas. in order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the effect of some factors such as age, sex, region on the prevalence of intestinal parasites, a study was carried out in rural areas of tonekabon, caspian littoral, from jul. 1991 to feb. 1992. a total of 2...

this article wants to propose this theory that farm corporations are agropolitan development models in iran. as over-concentrating investments to the urban areas did not lead to a trickledown effect to the rural areas. to the extreme, there are ideas to minimize linkages with the urban economy, and to make the rural areas pursue self-sufficiency by maximizing its potentials. however, against th...

This article wants to propose this theory that Farm Corporations are agropolitan development models in Iran. As over-concentrating investments to the urban areas did not lead to a trickledown effect to the rural areas. To the extreme, there are ideas to minimize linkages with the urban economy, and to make the rural areas pursue self-sufficiency by maximizing its potentials. However, against th...

Cadmium and lead contamination of vegetables produced in rural areas of Bursa Province, Turkey, was found to be less contaminated than vegetables grown close to heavy traffic and industrial activities. The highest levels of cadmium and lead were found in lettuce; the lowest levels in vegetables were found in leeks. The lead levels in spinach grown in traffic areas were at least twofold higher t...

From the perspective of poverty alleviation, socially relevant, or pro‐poor, rural innovation is of particular interest in a country like India since it is in rural areas that most of the poor live. Pro‐poor innovation in rural areas is more likely to occur through small‐scale ventures and entrepreneurs than industrial research and development. The Indian banking system does not su...

Lead being a toxic heavy metal that mankind is exposed to the highest levels of this metal. There are different sources of environmental pollution with lead as lead alkyl additives in petrol and manufacturing processes. The contaminated atmosphere in urban and industrial areas by lead in Egypt may lead to the contamination of foods beside the other different sources. The present investigation s...

We present measurements of C1–C8 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at four sites ranging from urban to rural areas in Hong Kong from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 248 ambient VOC samples were collected. As expected, the urban and sub-urban sites generally gave relatively high VOC levels. In contrast, the average VOC levels were the lowest in the rural area. In general, higher mixing...

Geographers have recently sought to understand countryside change by examining economic restructuring and its impact on local social coherences. However, despite renewed interest in the locale, many investigations of the rural economy have been at a macro-scale. It is argued that this broad brush approach has neglected many important aspects of rural restructuring and, in particular, social and...