the pathogenicity of a recent isolate of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), ir499, isolated from a nonvaccinated flock with 17.5 % mortality rate in susceptible spf chickens, chickens embryos and broilers was discussed. the molecular characterization of the virus based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) pattern was also investigated. the mortality rates were 85% and 22%...

infectious bursal disease (ibd) is a highly contagious disease of chickens caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). this study was conducted to characterize three ibdv strains from iran. a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedure was used to amplify a 715-bp fragment of the vp1 gene from ibdv strains. amplified vp1 fragments of the three iranian ibdv strai...

[no abstract available]

background: with the growing trend of unhealthy behaviors in the community, the likelihood of transmission of hepatitis b virus from infected people to society is increasing. so, early detection for preventing disease progression in patients and preventing the spread to the community has an important role. the aim of this study is assessment of risk factors in patients with chronic hepatitis b ...

background: clinical education with patient-focused learning is very important in medical education. therefore, it is very essential to select an appropriate education method. the current study was conducted to analyze the impact of simultaneous presentation of medical stager and inter in seminars provided with a pre-organizer strategy and from the students' perspective (2012-2013).  metho...

the exact cause or causes of hodgkin's disease have not yet been determined. the etiology of the disease suggests, but has not verified, a possible immunological and/or viral relationship. the article reviews the literature on the epidemiology and etiology of hodgkin’s disease from 1955 to the present. the author presents several clinical phenomena that are commonly associated with hodgkin’s di...

background & aim: the aim of the study was to define the epidemiological characteristics of most important infectious diseases in iran in recent decades. methods & materials: this was a situation trend analysis of infectious diseases (vector and water borne disease, and food borne diseases) in recent decades based on data availability. three significance levels were used for mann-kendall test (...

climate change is occurring as a result of warming of the earth’s atmosphere due to human activity generating excess amounts of greenhouse gases. because of its potential impact on the hydrologic cycle and severe weather events, climate change is expected to have an enormous effect on human health, including on the burden and distribution of many infectious diseases. the infectious diseases tha...