background: the axillary and supraclavicular nodal volume treatment results in improvement of local control and survival after breast conserving surgery (bcs) or modified radical mastectomy (mrm). studies on the depth of these nodes have questioned the consistent use of standard fields for all patients. this study was done to assess the dose delivery to these lymph nodes with conventional treat...

the overwhelming rate of progress in biotechnological research especially in human genetics, as well as the high levels of power these researches provide us to intervene in human lives, brings serious concerns on the ethical problems that may rise from these research endeavors. to address this critical issue in iran, we conducted a study issuing publishing authors of studies in human genetics f...

background informed consent is an important part of the patients’ rights and hospitals are assigned to obtain informed consent before any diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. obtaining an informed consent enables patients to accept or reject their care or treatments and prevent future contentions among patients and medical staff.   methods this survey was carried out during 2011-2. we assessed...

background: clinical trial is the standard method to assess efficacy of a medical intervention. because of its experimental nature, meaning that subjects are exposed to an intervention with uncertain outcome and according to historical evidences of criminal researches, clinical trial is of something of a lightning rod for ethical concerns. ethical issues surrounding clinical trials are very per...

background the surgical informed consent (sic) is a comprehensive process that establishes an informationbased agreement between the patient and his doctor to undertake a clearly outlined medical or surgical intervention. it is neither a casual formality nor a casually signed piece of paper. the present study was designed to audit the current knowledge and attitudes of doctors towards sic at a ...

Irregular problems require the computation of some properties of a set of elements irregularly distributed in a domain. These problems satisfy a locality property because the properties of an element e depend upon those of its neighbors according to a problem dependent stencil. This paper proposes two strategies, fault prevention and informed fault prevention, to collect properties of elements ...

Capturing the spatial and temporal aspects of human interactions allows for better informed disease transmission models. Various smart badge type solutions have been devised to capture these parameters, but their real world deployability is minimal. The key problem stems from the unpredictability of mobile neighbors, which makes synchronization and neighbor discovery difficult, resulting in eit...

CoAP is a RESTful application protocol for constrained nodes and networks. Through the Observe option, clients can observe changes in the state of resources. This document defines a new mechanism in CoAP Observe so that a CoAP client can conditionally observe a resource on a CoAP server, only being informed about state changes meeting a specific condition.

This article considers the performance of the MOA* multiobjective search algorithm with heuristic information. It is shown that in certain cases blind search can be more efficient than perfectly informed search, in terms of both node and label expansions. A class of simple graph search problems is defined for which the number of nodes grows linearly with problem size and the number of nondomina...