cromolyn sodium, a mast cell stabilizing agent, provides an immediate protective effect against the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction while being used before the exercise. however, cromolyn is ineffective in reversing asthmatic bronchospasm; it is used as a maintenance therapy and has a prophylactic role in chronic asthma.    the purpose of this study was to determine the extent of change in...

Inhalation histamine dose-response curves were constructed 15 minutes after inhalation of saline placebo or verapamil (4 mg) for eight patients with mild atopic asthma in a double blind, random manner. No significant change in baseline specific airways conductance occurred after inhalation of verapamil, though there was a significant decrease in sensitivity to histamine (increase in threshold o...

A rostro-caudal gradient of uranium (U) in the brain has been suggested after its inhalation. To study factors influencing this mapping, we first used 30-min acute inhalation at 56 mg/m3 relatively soluble form UO4 rat. These exposure parameters were then as a reference comparison with other experimental conditions. Other groups received different concentrations, repeated low dose (10 exposures...

BACKGROUND Inadequate technique reduces the effects of inhalation medication. Errors in inhalation technique have been reported to range up to 85%. Not only various patients' characteristics but also the device has an effect on correct inhalation technique. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of patients' characteristics and type of inhaler device on inhalation technique in pa...

BACKGROUND The 30 minute and 24 hour post-inhalation urinary excretion of salbutamol represents the relative amount of drug deposited in the lungs and total systemic absorption, respectively. Using this method two metered dose inhalers used with a Volumatic (Allen and Hanburys Ltd, UK) large volume spacer have been compared. METHOD Eleven healthy volunteers inhaled 4 x 100 micrograms salbutam...

In establishing the guideline values for chemical contaminants in drinking water, the contribution of inhalation and dermal routes associated with showering/bathing needs to be evaluated. The present article reviews the current approaches available for evaluating the importance of inhalation and dermal routes of exposure to drinking water contaminants (DWCs) and integrates them within a 2-tier ...

Background & Aims: Human beings are constantly exposed to different radiations that have always been recognized as a health hazard. Radon -222 and its daughter products are major sources of natural radiations and a significant total inhalation dose is related to them. Hence, the measurement of radon activity in the environment has gained an increasing importance. In this study, with the measure...

background: radon and its daughter product are a major source of natural radiation exposure, the measurement of radon concentration in dwellings is assuming ever increasing importance. it is known from recent surveys in many countries that radon and its progeny contributes significantly to total inhalation dose and is well established that radon when inhaled in large quantity causes lung disord...

BACKGROUND Aerosols generated from metered dose inhalers may be highly charged. The aim of this study was to determine whether lining the walls of a polycarbonate spacer device with an antistatic agent would result in an increase in drug output. The effects of multiple actuations of drug into the spacer device and increasing residence time of drug within the spacer were also determined. METHO...

The cancer potency of methylhydrazine by the inhalation route was estimated from dose-response data for multiple methylhydrazine-responsive tumor sites among female mice exposed by inhalation (Kinkead et al., 1985). These sites were nasal and respiratory mucosa, lung, liver, and blood vessels. For each of these tumor sites, a probability distribution of cancer potency estimates was derived usin...