Cerebral cortical neurons are known to be produced from both apical progenitors in the ventricular zone (VZ) and basal (intermediate) progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ). On the other hand, we have shown that many SVZ cells assume multipolar morphology and show a characteristic movement termed "multipolar migration." The relationship between multipolar cells and basal progenitors in th...

The axonal arborization of single motor thalamic neurons was examined in rat brain using a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted palmitoylation site-attached green fluorescent protein (palGFP). We first divided the ventral anterior-ventral lateral motor thalamic nuclei into 1) the rostromedial portion, which was designated inhibitory afferent-dominant zone (IZ) with intense glutamate decarb...

The effect of the autonomic system on conduction disorders in the infarction zone (IZ) and related reentrant ventricular arrhythmias (RVA) in the late myocardial infarction period in the dog was studied utilizing averaged recordings of the reentrant pathways from the epicardial surface of the IZ. Vagal (V) stimulation was found to have no significant direct electrophysiologic effect while sympa...

Neuronal migration is crucial for the construction of neuronal architecture such as layers and nuclei. Most inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex derive from the basal forebrain and migrate tangentially; however, little is known about the mode of migration of these neurons in the cortex. We used glutamate decarboxylase (Gad)67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in embryonic mice with expr...

Traumas of the innervation zone (IZ) of the external anal sphincter (EAS), e.g. during delivery, can promote the development of faecal incontinence. Recently developed probes allow high-resolution detection of EMG signals from the EAS. The analysis of pelvic floor muscles by surface EMG (in particular, the estimation of the location of the IZ) has potential applications in the diagnosis and inv...

OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between the biceps brachii muscle innervation zone (IZ) width and the mean muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) during a sustained isometric contraction. METHODS Fifteen healthy men performed a sustained isometric elbow flexion exercise at their 60% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until they could not maintain the target force. Mean MFCV was estim...

PURPOSE The aim of this work is to provide information about the degree of inter-subject uniformity of location of innervation zone (IZ) in 13 superficial muscles of the lower limb. The availability of such information will allow researchers to standardize and optimize their electrode positioning procedure and to obtain accurate and repeatable estimates of surface electromyography (sEMG) signal...

Both fixed and dynamic heterogeneities were implicated in the mechanism of wavebreak (WB) generation during ventricular fibrillation (VF). However, their relative roles remain unclear. We hypothesized that during ischemic VF, the WBs are produced primarily because of a fixed heterogeneity; namely, the gradient of refractoriness across the ischemic border zone (BZ). Ischemia was induced in 15 is...

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial effect of Persian green tea extract (GTE) and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) as an intracanal irrigant. METHODS AND MATERIALS Thirty freshly extracted teeth were instrumented and sectioned into mesial and distal segments. The specimens were put into wells containing 2 mL of E. fae...

Atomic force microscope (AFM) observation and analysis of Izumiyama hydrothermal illite (the weaker altered illite-kaolinite zone (IZ-1) and the higher altered illite zone (IZ-2)) were performed to understand the crystal growth mechanism and the relation between morphology and polytype of the illites. Our AFM results suggest that growth of the Izumiyama illite was controlled by a mechanism of s...