BACKGROUND Estonia has experienced an HIV epidemic among intravenous drug users (IDUs) with the highest per capita HIV prevalence in Eastern Europe. We assessed the effects of expanded syringe exchange programs (SEP) in the capital city, Tallinn, which has an estimated 10,000 IDUs. METHODS SEP implementation was monitored with data from the Estonian National Institute for Health Development. ...

The authors present findings from a Bayesian analysis of Scotland's four primary capture-recapture data sources for 2000 that was carried out to estimate numbers of current injecting drug users by region (Greater Glasgow vs. elsewhere in Scotland), sex (male vs. female), and age group (15-34 years vs. > or =35 years). A secondary goal of the analysis was to obtain Bayesian estimates and credibl...

In [7], we presented the Object Infrastructure Framework. The goal of that system is to simplify the creation of distributed applications. The primary claim of that work is that non-functional “ilities” could be achieved by controlling and manipulating the communications between components, thereby simplifying the development of distributed systems. A secondary element of that paper is to argue...

BACKGROUND Infection risks among people who inject drugs (PWID) are widely recognized, but few studies have focused on image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs). Globally, concern about IPED injection has increased and, in the United Kingdom, IPED injectors have become the largest group using Needle and Syringe Programmes. Blood-borne virus prevalence trends among IPED injectors are explore...

Men who have sex with men (MSM) and use drugs are at high risk for HIV. This study assessed drug and sex-related risk behaviours and sexual identities for MSM drug injectors and crack smokers. One hundred and forty four MSM drug injectors and crack smokers from five USA cities were interviewed. One-third of the men were current injectors, twice as many reported lifetime injection. Most (56%) re...

A preliminary study of atomization mechanisms in gas-centered swirl-coaxial injectors for use in rocket engines has been undertaken. Gas-centered swirl-coaxial injectors differ from other injectors in that atomization occurs from a wall-bounded liquid. Few studies of atomization mechanisms in wall-bounded flows exist; some probable atomization processes have been determined, however. These mech...

Fuel injectors are the most damage-sensitive component of diesel fuel injection system in self-ignition engines. Therefore, an important issue is their diagnosis for proper assessment wear condition. The paper presents a method involving use image from thermal imaging camera to assess technical condition used common rail systems. Four injectors, whose was known, were tested. Three them characte...

INTRODUCTION Substance abuse is regarded as the nation’s number one health problem (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2001), and HIV/AIDS risks are known more prone among drug injectors and disproportionately more concentrated among African American drug injectors (Friedman, Jarlais, and Ward, 1993; CDC, 1996). According to the Center for Disease Control (1998), 217,000 injecting drug users (IDU)...

AIM The aim of the study was to understand the prevalence and patterns of the non-medical injecting use of buprenorphine among drug injectors in Georgia. METHOD A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among injecting drug users enrolled in Georgian needle exchange programmes. The questions covered topics related to drug use career, patterns (frequency, history, dosage) and reasons f...