This paper examines the necessity of regulating the Iranian card payments system (SHAPARAK) based on the theory of two-sided markets. The expansion of the payment card system in recent years has arisen some questions regarding the role of all kinds of costs and expenses such as interchange fees, cardholder fees, merchant fees, and network externality in balancing the market. Since there is only...

This paper addresses heterogeneity of business process metamodels and related interchange formats. The different approaches towards interchange format design and effects of interchange format specification are presented first. In particular completeness is identified as an important design criterion for interchange formats. Afterwards the superset of metamodel concepts is extracted from 15 curr...

Stuart Weiner and Julian Wright should be commended for the efforts they have made to assemble comparative information about interchange fees, no-surcharge rules, and related practices and regulatory issues from various countries. It is clear from their work that much remains hidden from view about interchange fees and vertical restrictions in payments networks. They are, in fact, able to repor...

77 THIS FEATURE PRESENTS A RELAtively unique concept for urban arterial highway interchanges. The interchange has been named the Echelon Interchange because of its symmetrical, but offset, pair of two-phase one-way pair intersections—one elevated over the other. An observer1 noted that the interchange resembled a flying formation used by the U.S. Navy Flight Demonstration Team, the “Blue Angels...