Background and Purpose A model for cerebral ischemia that requires injection of emboli into the internal carotid artery of the rabbit is commonly used. However, in our experience we have found the anatomy of the cervical carotid to be highly variable. If not appreciated, this may result in unexpectedly high variability in the severity of ischemic injury. We undertook this experimental protocol ...

PURPOSE To evaluate the anatomy of the junction of the inferior petrosal sinus and the internal jugular vein. METHODS Using a previously described classification system, we prospectively classified venous anatomy bilaterally in 135 of 136 persons consecutively undergoing inferior petrosal sinus sampling. RESULTS Type IV anatomy, with no anastomosis between the inferior petrosal sinus and th...

One of the determining factors for the success of endodontic therapy is understanding the morphological anatomy of the tooth structure and its variants in relation to its template anatomy. The internal anatomy of maxillary first premolars is particularly complex due to their variation in number of roots and canal configuration. However, the bilateral presence of three roots in a maxillary first...

The posterior communicating (PComA) and anterior choroidal arteries (AChA) are the two major branches of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery. Thorough knowledge of the anatomy and awareness of the variations and anomalies of these arteries are of clinical and scientific importance in dealing with lesions involving these arteries and their branches. This article briefly reviews surgical and...

Dextrocardia with situs inversus totalis is a rare disorder but is frequently associated with anomalous venous return. Pacemaker/Internal Cardioverter Defibrillator implantation in this population can be difficult given the difficult venous anatomy. This case illustrates how beforehand knowledge of the venous anatomy by cardiac MRI can facilitate device implantation.

Knowledge about internal anatomy plays a crucial role in the success of the root canal treatment. Many studies on internal anatomy have repeatedly reported that maxillary lateral incisors have only one canal. The primary aim of this article was to describe successful non-surgical retreatment of a permanent maxillary lateral incisor with two root canals and open apices. The treatment was carried...

Neuroanatomy is a complex sub-discipline of anatomy requiring abstract visualization and strong spatial reasoning. Traditional methods of learning neuroanatomy include investigation using dissection, light microscopy and histology. Often, this pedagogical approach requires students to formulate three-dimensional (3D) mental images from sequential two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections, which can b...