For a relative exact homological category (C,E), we define relative points over an arbitrary object in C, and show that they form an exact homological category. In particular, it follows that the full subcategory of nilpotent objects in an exact homological category is an exact homological category. These nilpotent objects are defined with respect to a Birkhoff subcategory in C as defined by T....

Research has shown that listeners accommodate talker differences in speech production by adjusting phonetic boundaries in light of a talker’s unique productions. However, phonetic categories are not marked solely by boundaries, they also have a graded internal structure in that not all members of a category are considered equally good members. The current work examines whether listeners adjust ...

A primary goal for models of speech perception is to describe how listeners achieve reliable comprehension given a lack of invariance between the acoustic signal and individual speech sounds. For example, individual talkers differ in how they implement phonetic properties of speech. Research suggests that listeners attain perceptual constancy by processing acoustic variation categorically while...

In this paper we show that in a homological category in the sense of F. Borceux and D. Bourn, the notion of an internal precrossed module corresponding to a star-multiplicative graph, in the sense of G. Janelidze, can be obtained by directly internalizing the usual axioms of a crossed module, via equivariance. We then exhibit some sufficient conditions on a homological category under which this...

We examine the influence of contrast categories on the internal graded membership structure of natural language categories. To this end we contrast two exemplar models in their account of typicality: According to the GCM, typicality is the summed similarity towards all category members. According to the SDGCM, typicality is determined by both the summed similarity towards all category members a...

The Critical Assessment of Small Molecule Identification (CASMI) Contest was founded in 2012 to provide scientists with a common open dataset to evaluate their identification methods. In this review, we summarize the submissions, evaluate procedures and discuss the results. We received five submissions (three external, two internal) for LC-MS Category 1 (best molecular formula) and six submissi...

this study has investigated smallholder farmers’ household food security level in mazandaran province during the two times i.e pre-harvest period and post-harvest period. using krejcie and morgan’s detrmining sample table, 384 farmers selected as a sample. a multi-stage sampling technique was used to select preciously subjects. household food insecurity access scale (hfias) was the main tool fo...