Extrapolating to our specialty, and having been examiner for both M.Ch and the DNB exit exams, at various places, I find that there is a huge difference in the standard and the conduct of these exams. I believe that the MCI is also trying to standardize exit exams, but we as a specialty and as the apex body of that specialty, should put together a standardized exit exam, to be passed by all can...

Abstract This chapter describes the most prominent public management reform trajectories in German administration over past decades since unification. In 1990s, New Steering Model emerged as a variant of NPM. Since mid-2000s, local governments Germany have been subjected to mandatory their budgeting and accounting system known Municipal Financial Management reforms. Both reforms led substantial...

Motivation in the work context can be defined as an individual's degree of willingness to exert and maintain an effort towards organizational goals. Health sector performance is critically dependent on worker motivation, with service quality, efficiency, and equity, all directly mediated by workers' willingness to apply themselves to their tasks. Resource availability and worker competence are ...

This article is an attempt to survey the contraction and cancellation of the Reuter’s agreement as a one-sided approach and from special perspective, by using minimalistic ideology and with emphasis on multi-sided and various reasons and factors effective in the process of this contract.  On the basis of this research, in this contraction, different factors came together and augmented one anoth...

This paper summarizes the trend toward introducing markets into the education sector. We begin with a brief history of the market reforms and then review recent policy developments related to vouchers, charter schools, tuition tax credits, and educational management organizations. The internal anatomy of markets are then described, recognizing both the possibility of imperfect competition and o...

SIR I enjoyed the paper by Persaud about ethical medical practice and health service organisation (1). The author chronicles some of the ethical disadvantages of the American system. However, he mistakenly equates the health service reforms with an American-style system. This is wrong, because the internal market envisaged by the health service reforms is quite different from the mainly insuran...

The last twenty years has seen an extensive and exhausting debate on how to improve the institutions of African states. But progress has been patchy at best. Many of the problems arise from a ‘partial-reform equilibrium’; initial reforms are undertaken, but then strong resistance is encountered, and reform is not completed. Consequently, although donors may be heartened to find governments spea...

This paper shall take the angle of entrepreneurship among returning migrants, who face borrowing constraints, to examine whether and to what extent the entrepreneurial activities of returnees a ect the rural area development. In the literature there has been some debate about nancial sector reforms in developing countries, and there has also been studies on internal migration and its in uence. ...

Should Lebanon abandon the consociational democratic system? This paper attempts to answer the question by examining the pathologies of the current system and then evaluating its strengths, weaknesses, and potential for reform. Theories of consociational democracy and of conflict regulation are used in this analysis. This paper concludes that there is potential for limited reforms that will mak...