A century ago, the Chinese opium epidemic spurred international action on drug control as policymakers realized that the problem was too complex for any one country to tackle in isolation. Starting with the International Opium Commission (Shanghai, 1909), Governments over time established an international consensus on the need for the regulation of psychoactive substances. Moreover, a set of no...

the concept of limitation of liability has been recognized in the 11th century and developed in national legislations until 19th century. considering the importance of maritime transport as the backbone of international trade and great potential for conflict of laws in maritime transport, the need for harmonizing international maritime law, particularly the law on limitation of liability, becam...

The Tallinn Manual will be released in February 2013 and makes a significant step towards defining the concepts of cyber warfare. The early draft of the manual is available and the expert working party have interpreted the existing international agreements, instruments and conventions and applied them to the field of cyber warfare. The manual makes a number of interpretations on the legal posit...

the inhuman acts of israel in the gaza strip (2008-9) have seriously violated the international humanitarian law.international documents such as the geneva convention (iv) and additional protocol to the geneva conventions (ii) relating to protecting civilians during armed conflicts have clearly indicated violation of humanitarian law during israeli’s deadly offensive at the turn of the year. u...

public health instruments have been under constant development and renewal for decades. international legal instruments, with their binding character and strength, have a special place in this development. the start of the 21st century saw, in particular, the birth of the first world health organization (who)-era health treaties – the who framework convention on tobacco control (who fctc) and i...

Abstract The expansion of the International Labour Organization (ILO’s) body norms between 1945 and 1970 remains unique. However, little quantitative research has been done to date on how universalising ideas Declaration Philadelphia 1944 are reflected in adoptions following period challenged by conflicting normative developments, such as simultaneous evolution segmenting instruments oriented t...

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The global management of whale species, identified as an economic mixed good, is addressed by means of economic theory of bargaining and institution making. I will analyse (i) why it is important to take into account explicitly both (consumptive) use and non-use values within international conventions on global mixed goods; (ii) the role and nature of institutions dealing with global issues; (i...

producing genetically­modified­foods plays one of the key roles in addressing the increasing needs for foods. the development and increasing use of gmfoods, despite its benefits and advantages,causes its­own problems and challenges, as well .the exclusive characteristic of these types of products and the human and environment-related effects have made discussion over this issue twice assignific...