during the first centuries of hijra, the concept of faith and its relevant issues were among the major topics in islamic thought. one the schools on the topic were murji'ah, introduced by hasan ibn muhammad al-hanafiyyah in kufa within the second half of hijra. the murjites held that pure faith can be achieved either through heart belief or confession; there is no need of action for salvat...

the saudi historiography started by the rise of saudi dynasty in central arabia in 1744, when muhammad ibn saud, the tribal ruler of the town of ad-dir'iyyah near riyadh, and muhammad ibn abd-al-wahhab, the religious leader were united. several paradigm shave been used to form such historiography in different periods. firstly, the najdian and the baghdadian paradigms can be discussed from ...

2007;83:1484-1490 Ann Thorac Surg Hitoshi Terada and Abul Hasan Muhammad Bashar Enyi Shi, Teruhisa Kazui, Xiaojing Jiang, Naoki Washiyama, Katsushi Yamashita, Ischemia-Injured Spinal Cord Therapeutic Benefit of Intrathecal Injection of Marrow Stromal Cells on http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/4/1484 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with...

A t e r t h e c o m i n g o f P r o p h e t Muhammad, the Arabian tribes, in a great burst of expansionist energy, swept over Western Asia and North Africa. They disrupted, but did not destroy the Eastern Roman Empire, which had survived the barbarian onslaughts that had wiped out the empire in the West. The Eastern Empire, particularly after the Arabian conquests, came to be known as Byzantine...

in this section the latest scholarly and well-researched work of the contemporary qur’an researcher, ayatollah muhammad hadi ma’rifat, by the title of “shubahauon wa rodudon hawl al-qur’an al-karim” (misconceptions and refutations concerning the holy qur’an) is introduced and reviewed.

BACKGROUND Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī, known as Rhazes in the Western world (854-925 CE), was an Iranian polymath, physician and one of the most prominent sages in the medieval period. He wrote several medical books and treaties such as "Continents", a comprehensive medical encyclopedia, treaties in smallpox and measles, "Al-Mansuri" and many other important manuscripts in the medi...

This article is result of library research with a normative legal approach. Legal materials and data were obtained from Islamic norms regarding inheritance khuntsa the texts Qur'an Hadith, as well opinions jurists. thesis discusses distribution based on opinion Imam Ali As-Shobuni Abu Hanifah. People who do not have clear gender status, male female, are called in law. One problems determining r...