Agency theory has had little to say about the control of bureaucratic corruption, perhaps the greatest agency problem that exists. I consider the role of incentive contracting for reducing corruption through the use of independent investigations, a common way to monitor corruption. In simple settings, bureaucratic corruption can be suppressed by rewarding and penalizing bureaucrats on the nding...

This series of occasional articles provides an update on the best use of key diagnostic tests in the initial investigation of common or important clinical presentations. The series advisers are Steve Atkin, professor, head of department of academic endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, Hull York Medical School; and Eric Kilpatrick, honorary professor, department of clinical biochemistry, Hul...

Abstract We show that a combined analysis of cosmic microwave background anisotropy power spectra obtained by the Planck satellite and luminosity distance data simultaneously excludes flat universe cosmological constant at 99% confidence level. These results hold separately when combining with three different sets: two determinations Hubble from Riess et al. Freedman al., Pantheon catalog high-...