Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy can be used in a wide range of cell biological applications, and is particularly well suited to analysis of the localization and dynamics of molecules and events near the plasma membrane. The TIRF excitation field decreases exponentially with distance from the cover slip on which cells are grown. This means that fluorophores close to the ...

Addition of ammonia or urea to the combustion zone of a boiler has been shown to reduce the formation (and thus emissions) of oxides of nitrogen. However, under certain conditions, some of the ammonia will “slip” by and may be emitted to the atmosphere. Several states are interested in monitoring such ammonia “slip” emissions and other sources of ammonia. Industries are interested in using ammo...

Protein crystallization screens frequently yield salt crystals as well as protein crystals. A simple method for determining whether a crystal is composed of salt or macromolecules is suggested. A drop containing one or more crystals is transferred to a glass cover slip and the cover slip is then passed through the flame of a Bunsen burner. Macromolecule crystals are destroyed by this treatment,...

An azimuthally symmetric radially sheared azimuthal flow is driven by a nondiffusive, or residual, turbulent stress localized to a narrow annular region at the boundary of a cylindrical magnetized helicon plasma device. A no-slip condition, imposed by ion-neutral flow damping outside the annular region, combined with a diffusive stress arising from turbulent and collisional viscous damping in t...

Electrolyte transport through an array of 20 nm wide, 20 microm long SiO(2) nanofluidic transistors is described. At sufficiently low ionic strength, the Debye screening length exceeds the channel width, and ion transport is limited by the negatively charged channel surfaces. At source-drain biases >5 V, the current exhibits a sharp, nonlinear increase, with a 20-50-fold conductance enhancement...

We demonstrate real-time resolved white beam Laue diffraction during compression of micron-sized focused ion beam milled single crystals Au pillars, revealing the dynamical correlation between microstructure and plasticity. The evolution of the Laue patterns of the Au pillars demonstrates the occurrence of crystal rotation and strengthening is explained by plasticity starting on a slip system t...

Friction between ordered, atomically smooth surfaces at the nanoscale (nanofriction) is often governed by stick-slip processes. To test long-standing atomistic models of such processes, we implemented a synthetic nanofriction interface between a laser-cooled Coulomb crystal of individually addressable ions as the moving object and a periodic light-field potential as the substrate. We show that ...

Friction between ordered, atomically smooth surfaces at the nanoscale (nanofriction) is often governed by stick-slip processes. To test long-standing atomistic models of such processes, we implement a synthetic nanofriction interface between a laser-cooled Coulomb crystal of individually addressable ions as the moving object, and a periodic light-field potential as the substrate. We show that s...

Using a combination of high-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the basic mechanisms of hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture in nickel have been revisited. Focused-ion beam machining was employed to extract samples from the fracture surface to enable the examination of the microstructure immediately beneath it. Evidence for slip on multiple slip systems was evident on t...

Analysis of the tidal stress tensor at the time of moderate to large earthquakes fails to confirm an earlier hypothesis that the origin times of shallow dip-slip earthquakes correlate with solid-earth tidal shear stress, Furthermore, no correlation is seen for either tidal shear stress or tidal normal-to-the-fault compressive stress with shallow strike-slip earthquakes or with deep earthquakes....