Introduction: The Kalash are the only non-Muslim ethnic group living in three small and beautiful valleys of district Chitral. They are the last tribe of the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush. The Kalash exhibit, perhaps, one of the ancient and unique primitive traditions and cultures. They are living with the Muslims in this region for a long period of time, and had been under Muslim rule most of this ...

AbstractIslamic Republic of Iran as an Islamic and independent country on original ideology of “Islam” announced freedom of political parties within the Constitution (Act, 26). After Islamic Revolution victory in 1979, two main factions formed, “Principlism” and “Reformism”. “Reformism” seems a challenging issue to Iranian nation as it may appear adopted on the Western ideology. This stud...

the politics of shifting to the east, which is interpreted in the statements of turkish islamist politicians as ottomanism, is a newly emerged strategy which is essentially comprehensible in the connection with the history and identity of the ottoman era and the new regional and trans-regional role of turkey. the ideology of ottomanism not only implies the expansion of turkey’s influence on the...

islamic feminism has been articulated through recent decades as an alternative to traditional islamic thinking on women’s issues. scholars who are identified as islamic feminists use different methodological approaches like hermeneutics, historical criticism, and woman perspective in their works on various subjects of study. these scholars who have different cultural and philosophical backgroun...